Soil microarthropod communities were studied along livestock grazing disturbance gradients, inside and outside grazing exclosures, and on areas subjected to restoration efforts (herbicide and bulldozing) in order to test the suitability of mites as indicators of rangeland soil quality. We found that mite numbers generally increased with decreased grazing disturbance. Soil microarthropods appeared to respond to a complex of factors including soil compaction, depth to an impervious soil layer, below-ground vegetative biomass, and residual effects of herbicide. Microbivorous mites of the family Nanoarchestidae dominated all of our study plots, except those that had been herbicide treated. The numerical responses of mites, especially nanorchestids, appeared to provide a sensitive indicator of ecosystem health in Chihuahuan Desert grassland.