Wind erosion and dust emission from drylands have large consequences for ecosystem function and human life in the western United States. In drylands of the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB), human land uses have reduced vegetation (i.e., surface roughness) with potential to dramatically increase wind erosion and dust emission, which impact soils by selectively removing fine sediment containing carbon and nutrients and negatively affect air quality with implications for human health and wellbeing. Subsequent dust deposition on mountain snowpack changes surface albedo and alters regional hydrology. Extraction of oil and natural gas is a common and growing land use in the UCRB that removes vegetation and disturbs soils through installation of well pads and roads. Over the past century, this disturbance has produced over 100,000 small (~ 1 ha), discrete patches of unprotected soil in the UCRB. In this study, we used 16 years of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) albedo (MCD43A3; daily 500 m) to assess the effect of oil and gas development on surface roughness in the Uinta-Piceance Basin, a heavily developed area of the UCRB, and modeled how the change in surface roughness could impact aeolian sediment flux. We found that oil and gas activity reduced surface roughness and increased aeolian sediment fluxes by 12% to 18,400% across much of the study region. However, in areas that were heavily invaded by annual forbs and grasses, sites disturbed by oil and gas had larger surface roughness and smaller total aeolian sediment fluxes than undisturbed sites. The net increase in modeled dust emission from the Uinta-Piceance Basin due to oil and gas activity was small (0.33 gm-1s-1 for a 12 ms-1 wind speed when threshold friction velocity was 0.20 ms-1). However, even a very small dust concentration on snowpack (<10 mgg-1 of snow) can accelerate snowmelt and runoff. Our model results suggest that oil and gas activity intensifies the potential for wind erosion and dust emission from landscapes in the UCRB. Furthermore, this work reveals an opportunity to identify mechanisms that mitigate land use-driven dust emission and subsequent ecohydrological impacts in this region.