@article {JRN55387,
	title = {Diet selection of raramuri criollo and angus x hereford crossbred cattle in the Chihuahuan Desert},
	journal = {Journal of Arid Environments},
	volume = {205},
	year = {2022},
	month = {7/4/2022},
	pages = {104823},
	abstract = {Strategies to help producers cope with unpredictable forage production associated with low and variable precipitation patterns on arid rangelands are needed, particularly if global warming trends continue as projected. One option is to identify cattle biotypes compatible with less productive shrubby landscapes. One such biotype is the Raramuri Criollo (RC) from the Copper Canyon of northern Mexico. This small-framed animal exhibits travelling behaviors that allow it to exploit vegetation at a greater distance from water, although it is unknown whether RC have dietary preferences that differ from European breeds typically raised in the southwestern U.S.A. We examined diet selection of RC vs. desert adapted Angus x Hereford (AH) crossbreds typical of the region using DNA metabarcoding to determine the proportion of plant species in fecal samples. Fecal samples were collected from 10 cows of each breed in two adjacent pastures during two seasons (growing and dormancy; four weeks per season) for three consecutive years. Dominant plant species in fecal samples of both cattle breeds were Atriplex canescens (four-wing saltbush), Hoffmannseggia glauca (hog potato), Hopia obtusa (vine mesquite), Setaria leucopila (plains bristlegrass), Sporobolus spp. (S. contractus, S. flexuosus, and S. giganteus), Pleuraphis mutica (tobosa), and Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama), which is consistent with previous studies in the region using different techniques for assessing dietary plant composition of other breeds of cattle. Only a few differences were detected between breeds. Compared to AH, fecal samples from RC tended to contain a higher proportion of mesquite and Yucca spp. (P < 0.07) and less Ephedra spp. (P < 0.06). The only grass species that differed between breeds was black grama (P < 0.05), with AH fecal samples containing about twice as much as RC cows (\~{}8\% vs. 4\%). This finding could have important implications for conservation of black grama in the Chihuahuan Desert.},
	keywords = {beef cattle, diet selection, DNA metabarcoding, Raramuri Criollo},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaridenv.2022.104823},
	url = {files/bibliography/22-016.pdf},
	author = {Richard E. Estell and S. Nyamuryekung{\textquoteright}e and D. K. James and S. Spiegal and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and Amy L. Gonzalez and Matthew M. McIntosh and Kirsten B. Romig}
}
@conference {JRN55355,
	title = {Testing of a LoRa-WAN digital ranching system on desert rangelands: Some practical experiences},
	booktitle = {2021 NMSU ACES BEEF, DAIRY AND LIVESTOCK UPDATE Presented by NMSU Cooperative Extension Service},
	year = {2022},
	month = {1/25/2022},
	abstract = {Precision livestock farming (PLF) is an emerging agricultural strategy that incorporates sensors and data analytics to inform management decisions (Neethirajan, 2017; Tedeschi et al., 2021). Though common in household and more intensive livestock and crop production systems, Internet of Things (IoT) tools are in earliest stages of development for extensive beef and sheep production systems on arid rangeland primarily due to limited infrastructure and lack of Wi-Fi, cellular (e.g. 3 and 4G), or satellite network access. Yet Long Range Wide Area Networks (Lora-WAN) could offer a high efficiency and low-cost solution to this hindrance as they promise near-real time long-range coverage (e.g. > 6 mi), a strong signal, long battery life, and customizable data collection units (e.g. widgets or sensors), compared to other conventional network types (Bocquier et al., 2014). Precision livestock technologies could provide New Mexican livestock producers novel tools for realtime monitoring of animal location and activity, asset tracking, and infrastructure monitoring in the face of a dwindling workforce and harsher climate (Spiegal et al., 2020).
This study aimed to test a PLF LoRa-WAN-based monitoring system across four pastures (12,000 ac) of Chihuahuan Desert rangeland. We report the installation protocol, maintenance, and practical applications associated with the system.},
	keywords = {beef cattle, digital agriculture, GPS-tracking, Precision grazing, Precision livestock farming, rain gauge sensor, water level sensor},
	url = {files/bibliography/21-059.pdf},
	author = {Matthew M. McIntosh and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and S. Nyamuryekung{\textquoteright}e and Richard E. Estell and Andrew Cox and Danielle Duni and S. A. Utsumi and Qixu Gong and Tony Waterhouse and J P Holland and Huiping Cao and LE Boucheron and H. Chen and S. Spiegal}
}
@article {JRN55345,
	title = {Movement, activity, and landscape use patterns of heritage and commercial beef cows grazing Chihuahuan Desert rangeland},
	journal = {Journal of Arid Environments},
	volume = {199},
	year = {2022},
	month = {01/03/2022},
	pages = {104704},
	abstract = {Highlights
{\textbullet}Raramuri Criollo cows (heritage breed) exhibited more desirable spatial distribution patterns (traveled farther, spent more time grazing and traveling, and explored larger areas of the pasture) than commercial beef breed counterparts.

{\textbullet}Breed differences in resource selection and utilization were largest during the dormant season.

{\textbullet}Raramuri Criollo (heritage breed) could have a lighter footprint on desert rangeland compared to Angus Hereford crossbred (commercial breed) cattle.


The objective of this study was to compare foraging behavior of mature Raramuri Criollo (RC, heritage breed) and Angus Hereford crossbred (AH, commercial breed) cows grazing Chihuahuan Desert rangeland during summer and winter in three consecutive years. Movement, activity, and spatial distribution variables were calculated from 10-min interval GPS positions of 5{\textendash}11 randomly selected cows of each breed. Thirteen pasture pixel attributes were used to analyze grazing utilization and selection patterns of both breeds. Statistical mixed models were used to determine the effects of breed and season on all foraging response variables. Spatial regression analysis was used to examine resource utilization. Compared to AH, RC cows traveled farther at higher velocity rates, spent less time resting, more time grazing and traveling, explored larger areas as individuals, and exhibited lower herd cohesion. The RC herd explored more grazing patches (30-m pixel) overall and exhibited lower patch residence times in winter, a foraging strategy linked with lighter environmental footprint. During summer, similar pixel variables explained re-visitation rates of cows of both breeds. Both breeds avoided areas far from water, but RC cows showed higher avoidance of pixels farther out from a drinker during the dormant season. RC cows appeared to exhibit a keener ability to select patches with differing surface temperature, and greenness compared to AH counterparts. RC cows showed higher preference for pixels with high shrub density than AH counterparts in summer. During the dormant season, AH cows exhibited a strong preference for black grama patches, a species with high ecological value, and higher avoidance of patches with high density of other grasses. Differences in foraging behavior documented in this study support the hypothesis that RC cattle could impose a lighter footprint on desert rangeland relative to commonly raised commercial beef cattle.},
	keywords = {beef cattle, foraging behavior, GPS tracking, habitat selection, Raramuri Criollo},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaridenv.2021.104704},
	url = {files/bibliography/22-003.pdf},
	author = {S. Nyamuryekung{\textquoteright}e and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and Richard E. Estell and D. VanLeeuwen and S. Spiegal and Caitriana Steele and Amy L. Gonzalez and Matthew M. McIntosh and Qixu Gong and Huiping Cao}
}
@conference {JRN55407,
	title = {Training beef cattle to use virtual fence systems},
	booktitle = {2nd US Precision Livestock Farming Conference May 2023},
	year = {2022},
	month = {08/03/2022},
	abstract = {Virtual fencing (VF) is an alternative method to control livestock dispersal. This method consists of the use of animal wearable collars that employ auditory-electric pulse cues to deter animals from trespassing a virtually determined fence boundary. Despite VF suggesting promising applications for Precision Livestock Farming, there is limited information on best practices to train groups of cattle to VF configurations effectively. Eleven Brangus cows of the New Mexico State University{\textquoteright}s Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center were allocated three days to feeding areas (0.19 ha) treated with or without VF exclusions. The process was repeated for two periods (1 vs. 2), lasting six days each. The VF collars communicated real-time animal positions and activity at 15-minute and 30-minute intervals. Treatment effects of study (with vs. without VF-exclusion), period, and its interaction were analyzed via an ANOVA to compare auditory-electric pulses emitted during the deployment. The number of auditory-electric pulses per cow differed (P < 0.001) due to a study by period interaction. Exposure to VF in period 1 triggered a greater (P <0.003) frequency of auditory (3.3 vs. 0.7 {\textpm}0.3) and pulses (1.3 vs. 0.1 {\textpm}0.1) per cow than in period 2. Activation of VF reduced differently (P =0.05) the time spent on excluded areas in period 1 (7.8 vs. 1.7 {\textpm}0.4 h) and period 2 (4.8 vs. 0.0 {\textpm}0.4 h) due to treatment by period interaction. Results indicate that cows adjusted rapidly to VF configurations by minimizing the frequency of pulses and relying increasingly on auditory to alter behavior.},
	keywords = {animal wearable collars, beef cattle, fence boundary, training, virtual fence systems},
	author = {S. Nyamuryekung{\textquoteright}e and Andrew Cox and Perea, A. and Richard E. Estell and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and J P Holland and Tony Waterhouse and G. Duff and M. Funk and Skye Aney and Matthew M. McIntosh and S. Spiegal and Brandon T Bestelmeyer and S. A. Utsumi}
}
@proceedings {JRN55364,
	title = {From desert pasture to dinner plate: Evaluating the sustainability of supply chains for beef cattle coming from ranches of the Southwest},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2/10/2022},
	abstract = {Consumers and producers worldwide are paying attention to the environmental and social outcomes of beef production. The Society for Range Management knows that rangeland cattle production can impart a light environmental footprint, and sometimes even improve ecosystem services from rangelands, while being central to rural livelihoods. However, the environmental and social outcomes of beef that originates on grazinglands is integrally tied with processing, distribution, and consumption beyond ranch gates. In this symposium we will explore the connections among the links of the supply chains originating on ranches of the southwestern US and evaluate strategies for sustainability from pasture to plate, even in the face of a warming and drying climate. To encourage audience participation, we will provide a whiteboard or sticky note activity after each presentation to solicit feedback from the audience about applicability of the topic to their work, as well as suggestions for improving applicability more broadly.},
	keywords = {beef cattle, desert, dinner plate, evaluating, pasture, ranches, Southwest, supply chains, sustainability},
	author = {S. Spiegal and Jean Steiner and Skye Aney and Matthew M. McIntosh}
}
@booklet {JRN55434,
	title = {Beef Brief: A new Normal for Irrigated Agriculture to Sustain the Ogallala Aquifer},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {The Ogallala Aquifer underlies 45 million hectares, providing water for approximately 1.9 million people and supporting the robust agricultural economy of the US Great Plains. Beef is the dominant commodity, with Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas - major destinations for cattle from ranches of the arid Southwest {\textendash} representing 35\% of the nation{\textquoteright}s cattle sales. Concentrated feeding operations in this region rely on irrigated agriculture for feeds and forages. Water in the Ogallala Aquifer has been severely depleted, particularly in the southern end. Continuing with business-as-usual water withdrawals puts the aquifer and the agricultural economy that is built upon it at risk. Kansas water policy allows flexible solutions to reduce groundwater extraction while supporting productivity and economic. Water allocations are reduced in exchange for increased flexibility such as multi-year water allocation, banking of unused water for future years, and changes in location or use of allocated water. Demonstrated water conservation successes in Kansas show a path toward a {\textquotedblleft}new normal{\textquotedblright} for irrigation in the Ogallala Aquifer region. Water managers and policy makers capitalize on the value of increased flexibility to encourage irrigators to accept reduced allocation. Creative government and private{\textendash}public partnerships should support adoption of innovative technologies and management as end-users chart a new normal for irrigated agriculture to sustain this critical aquifer resource and the vibrant beef sector that is an economic engine for the Southern Plains and Southwest regions. The Ogallala Aquifer underlies 45 million hectares, providing water for approximately 1.9 million people and supporting the robust agricultural economy of the US Great Plains. Beef is the dominant commodity, with Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas - major destinations for cattle from ranches of the arid Southwest {\textendash} representing 35\% of the nation{\textquoteright}s cattle sales. Concentrated feeding operations in this region rely on irrigated agriculture for feeds and forages. Water in the Ogallala Aquifer has been severely depleted, particularly in the southern end. Continuing with business-as-usual water withdrawals puts the aquifer and the agricultural economy that is built upon it at risk. Kansas water policy allows flexible solutions to reduce groundwater extraction while supporting productivity and economic. Water allocations are reduced in exchange for increased flexibility such as multi-year water allocation, banking of unused water for future years, and changes in location or use of allocated water. Demonstrated water conservation successes in Kansas show a path toward a {\textquotedblleft}new normal{\textquotedblright} for irrigation in the Ogallala Aquifer region. Water managers and policy makers capitalize on the value of increased flexibility to encourage irrigators to accept reduced allocation. Creative government and private{\textendash}public partnerships should support adoption of innovative technologies and management as end-users chart a new normal for irrigated agriculture to sustain this critical aquifer resource and the vibrant beef sector that is an economic engine for the Southern Plains and Southwest regions.},
	keywords = {beef cattle, Groundwater, Sustainable agriculture, water conservation},
	doi = {10.5281/zenodo.7383476},
	url = {files/bibliography/22-029.pdf},
	author = {Steiner, Jean L. and Spiegal, Sheri and Emile H. Elias and Skye Aney}
}
@article {JRN55335,
	title = {The genesis of the Jornada criollo cattle program},
	journal = {Journal of Arid Environments},
	volume = {193},
	year = {2021},
	month = {6/11/2021},
	abstract = {Many rangelands in the southwestern United States have experienced increased shrub cover and lower and more variable forage resources during the past 100 years. Criollo cattle are descendants of cattle brought to the Americas by European explorers that spread throughout North and South America. These cattle were displaced in many areas as British breeds became popular, but isolated populations remained that had undergone natural selection for nearly 500 years. Scientists at the Jornada Experimental Range in Las Cruces, New Mexico introduced Raramuri criollo genetics from the Tarahumara region of Chihuahua, Mexico to the research herd about 15 years ago in an effort to capitalize on their ability to thrive in harsh landscapes of the Chihuahuan Desert. They hypothesized that this smaller framed animal might be more suited to extensive shrubby landscapes and exert a lower environmental footprint than cattle of European descent. Preliminary observations during the early years of this project suggested that behavioral characteristics of this biotype could potentially be used to improve utilization of extensive rangelands with restricted water distribution. Raramuri criollo generally traveled farther per day and farther from water than Angus x Hereford crossbreds typically raised on these rangelands. Approximately five years ago, the Jornada expanded this program by joining forces with scientists from New Mexico State University, Mexico, and South America. Several studies were initiated that encompassed aspects of behavior, distribution, habitat and ecological site use, maternal behavior, diet selection, heat tolerance, and performance of Raramuri criollo cattle. Many of the results from these collaborations are reported in this special issue.},
	keywords = {beef cattle, criollo cattle, Heritage beef cattle},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaridenv.2021.104563},
	url = {files/bibliography/21-047.pdf},
	author = {Richard E. Estell}
}
@article {JRN55342,
	title = {Can cattle geolocation data yield behavior-based criteria to inform precision grazing systems on rangeland?},
	journal = {Livestock Science},
	volume = {255},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/5/2021},
	pages = {104801},
	abstract = {A key challenge of precision grazing systems is identifying behavior anomalies associated with situations of reduced animal production and wellbeing. We determined typical ranges of diel variation of movement and activity patterns of steers on rangeland to identify metrics that could serve as sensitive indicators of behavior anomalies. Seventeen Raramuri Criollo or Criollo crossbred yearling steers weighing 318 {\textpm} 9.3 kg (winter; W) or 358 {\textpm} 8.4 kg (late summer; LS) were fitted with GPS collars that recorded animal location at 5-min intervals. Steers grazed a 3,215-ha rangeland pasture for approximately 67 d in W or LS of 2016 and 2017. GPS data were used to derive 22 commonly monitored behavior variables. Means and day-to-day variation (CV\%) of all behavior metrics were calculated for each animal as well as linear correlations between the CV of each behavior and ADG. Daily time spent resting or grazing exhibited the least day-to-day variation in both W and LS (CV resting =10.8 and 9.9\%, respectively; CV grazing =13.8 and 14.8\%, respectively); predawn area explored (CV =240.8\%) and time spent at drinkers (CV =336.6\%) exhibited the most daily variation in W and LS, respectively. During W, increasing day-to-day variation in daytime distance traveled and area explored, as well as daily time spent traveling were associated with increasing ADG (r = 0.56 to 0.58; P < 0.05). In LS, steers with greater CV for 24-h area explored, time spent traveling, or daytime distance traveled tended to gain less weight (r =-0.77 to -0.84; P < 0.01), while steers with more flexible 24 hour path sinuosity tended to gain more weight (r = 0.93; P < 0.01). Behavior metrics more closely associated with forage intake processes, such as daily time spent grazing or resting, exhibited lowest diel variation levels and could be used to diagnose non-normal behavior of cattle on rangeland.},
	keywords = {Average daily weight gain, beef cattle, GPS monitoring, Precision grazing, Precision livestock ranching},
	doi = {10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104801},
	url = {files/bibliography/21-053.pdf},
	author = {Matthew M. McIntosh and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and Richard E. Estell and Qixu Gong and Huiping Cao and Amy L. Gonzalez and S. Nyamuryekung{\textquoteright}e and S. Spiegal}
}
@article {JRN55286,
	title = {Weight gain, grazing behavior and carcass quality of desert grass-fed Rar{\'a}muri Criollo vs. crossbred steers},
	journal = {Livestock Science},
	volume = {249},
	year = {2021},
	month = {10 April 2021},
	abstract = {Rar{\'a}muri Criollo cattle producers often crossbreed their cows with improved beef-breed bulls and/or retain and develop their yearlings on rangeland because of limited weaned calf markets, however it is unknown if Rar{\'a}muri Criollo steers exhibit marketable weight gains and carcass qualities, or desirable grazing behaviors documented in cows of this biotype. We evaluated two cohorts (cohort: 1 = 31, 2 = 26) of Rar{\'a}muri Criollo (JRC), Mexican Criollo (MC) and Criollo {\texttimes} beef-breed crossbred (XC) steers to investigate effects of biotype on growth, carcass traits, and landscape utilization. Steers were weighed approximately once every 2-mo and average daily gains (ADG) calculated. Nine JRC and XC steers per cohort were monitored at 5-min intervals via global positioning systems (GPS) for 1-mo during winter (2015{\textendash}16) and late-summer (2016{\textendash}17). Weight and carcass data were analyzed using mixed measures procedures to identify differences between biotype through time. Discriminant analyses were conducted to determine whether grazing behaviors could be discriminated among: 1) JRC and XC steers and JRC cows; 2) steers by season (winter vs. summer); and 3) steers of cohort 1 and 2. Final live and carcass weights of XC were greater than JRC and MC, but all were market ready at 30-mo following a grass-finishing protocol. Carcass quality and ADG were not different among biotypes. Steers were discriminated into different season or cohort groups based on grazing behavior differences but JRC and XC steers exhibited grazing patterns that were similar to those previously observed in JRC cows. Our results suggest that JRC, MC, and XC steers can be developed to slaughter weights in 30-mo using a rangeland-based grass-fed protocol, and that JRC and XC steers exhibit desirable grazing behaviors previously observed in JRC cows.},
	keywords = {beef cattle, climate change, Grass finished steers, Grass-fed supply-chain, Heritage genetics, livestock behavior},
	issn = {1871-1413},
	doi = {10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104511},
	url = {files/bibliography/21-020.pdf},
	author = {Matthew M. McIntosh and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and Richard E. Estell and S. Nyamuryekung{\textquoteright}e and Amy L. Gonzalez and Qixu Gong and Huiping Cao and S. Spiegal and S. Soto-Navarro and Amanda D.Blair}
}
@article {JRN55267,
	title = {A phenotypic characterization of Rar{\'a}muri Criollo cattle introduced into the southwestern United States},
	journal = {Archivos Latinoamericanos De Produccion Animal},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2020},
	month = {11/5/2020},
	pages = {111-119},
	abstract = {Our objective was to describe key phenotypic characteristics of a population of Rar{\'a}muri Criollo (RC) cattle introduced from the Copper Canyon of Chihuahua, M{\'e}xico into the Southwestern United States almost two decades ago. We recorded 26 phenotypic traits of 37 RC individuals including mature cows, first--calf heifers, and mature bulls raised at the USDA--ARS Jornada Experimental Range in southern New Mexico. This herd of RC cattle exhibited intermediate body sizes (390 kg) compared to the smaller Corriente (300 kg) and larger Texas Longhorn (400 kg) and Florida Cracker cattle (400 kg). Coat colors were similar to those described for other Criollo biotypes but horn shape and size of RC appear to be different than that of other US--based Criollo breeds. Though smaller than commercial beef breeds, RC cattle appear to be well -matched to the Southwestern US environments as evidenced by previous studies that evaluated their grazing behavior, weight gains, and carcass quality. Rar{\'a}muri Criollo cattle are a genetic resource whose conservation could be critically important for climate change adaptation of ranches in the desert Southwest.

https://ojs.alpa.uy/index.php/ojs_files/article/view/2832},
	keywords = {beef cattle, climate change, genetic conservation, heritage breed},
	url = {files/bibliography/21-003.pdf},
	author = {Matthew M. McIntosh and Amy L. Gonzalez and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and Richard E. Estell and S. Nyamuryekung{\textquoteright}e and A.F.A. Rodriguez and S. Spiegal}
}
@article {50987,
	title = {Pen confinement of yearling ewes with cows or heifers for 14 days to produce bonded sheep},
	journal = {Small Ruminant Research},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2001},
	month = {June 1, 2001},
	pages = {291-297},
	abstract = {<p>Mixed species stocking uses forage resources more efficiently when compared to single species stocking, especially in pastures having complex assemblages of forage species. When mixed species (sheep and cattle) remain consistently as a cohesive group (flerd), predation risks are lessened and fencing and herding costs are reduced. To maintain a cohesive egroup, a 30-day bonding period is recommended in which young sheep and bovine pairs are penned together. This research tested if pen confinement can be reduced from 30 to 14 days, reducing feed, labor and overhead costs. Sixteen mature cows (7 to 8 years of age) and 16 9-month-old heifers were randomly paired with 1 of 32 yearling ewe lambs. Eight cow/ewe (PC) and eight heifer/ewe (PH) pairs were maintained individually in 2mx6m pens for 14 days. The other eight-cow/ewe (NC) and heifer/ewe (NH) pairs were separated by species with each species maintained on separate pastures for 14-day period. After 14 days, pairs were released in observation paddocks and separation distances between treatment pairs were measured during a 30-minute open field test. Separation distance did not differ (P=0.973) between the PC and PH treatments; however, separation distance for NC vs NH, NC versus PC, and NH vs PH all differed. Mean separation distance (meters) and standard errors were 40+/-3.9, 3+/-0.3, 76+/-5.3, and 4+/-1.4 for CH, PH, CC and PC treatments, respectively. Previously penned animals spent more time grazing and less time walking than nonpenned animals. Cow age was not found important in establishing a bond. These data suggest that an interspecific bond using pen confinement can be formed within 14 days, representing 53\% savings in time and associated costs when compared to confinement lasting 30 days.</p>
},
	keywords = {beef cattle, bonded sheep, bonding, cows, heifers, Mixed species stocking, Multispecies stocking, pen confinement, sheep, yearling ewes},
	doi = {10.1016/S0921-4488(01)00183-3},
	url = {/files/bibliography/01-022.pdf},
	author = {E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and Richard E. Estell and Kris Havstad and Shupe, W. Larry and M.D. Remmenga}
}
@article {51564,
	title = {Grazing behavior of rangeland beef cattle differing in biological type},
	journal = {Journal of Animal Science},
	volume = {69},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {1435-1442},
	abstract = {<p>Grazing behavior exhibited by different biological types (breed groups) of lactating beef cows was evaluated during the summers of 1985 (Trial 1) and 1986 (Trial 2). Animals grazed native Montana foothill grassland. In Trial 1, breed groups consisted of Hereford (BM, 50\% Angus-50\% Hereford (AH), 50\% Simmental-50\% Hereford (SH), and 75\% Simmental-25\% Hereford (3S1H) with six cows per breed group. Daily grazing hours were 11.8 {\textpm} .2, 12.3 {\textpm} .2, 11.6 {\textpm} .2, and 11.6 {\textpm} .5 h/d for HH, AH, SH, and 3S1H, respectively. There was a tendency for AH cows to graze longer than HH and SH cows (P = .10). Bite rates were 52.7 {\textpm} 1.5, 56.2 {\textpm} 1.5, 53.2 {\textpm} 1.4, and 59.0 {\textpm} 1.6 bites/min for HH, AH, SH, and 3S1H, respectively. The AH and 3S1H cows had higher bite rates (P \&lt; .05) than the HH and SH cows. Means for distance traveled were 3.1 {\textpm} .2, 3.4 {\textpm} .2, 4.0 {\textpm} .2, and 2.8 {\textpm} .2 km/d for HH, AH, SH and 3S1H, respectively. The SH cows tended to travel farther (P \&lt; .10) than cows of other breed groups. The AH traveled farther than the 3S1H but did not differ from the HH. In Trial 2, breed groups were Hereford (HH), Tarentaise-Hereford (TH), Tarentaise-Simmental-Hereford (T(SH)), and Charolais-Simmental-Hereford(C(SH)); each group included six lactating cows. Means for bite rate were 56.9 {\textpm} 1.1, 58.7 {\textpm} 1.1, 60.9 {\textpm} 1.0, and 59.0 {\textpm} 1.1 bites/min for HH, TH, T(SH), and C(SH), respectively. The T(SH) cows had a higher bite rate than the RH cows (P \&lt; .10), but bite rates did not differ between T(SH) and TH or C(SH) cows. Breed group means were not different (P \&gt; .10) for grazing time and distance traveled. Thus, bite rate was the only behavioral expression that was consistently different among breed groups and may be a response that allows different biological types to achieve different levels of intake.</p>
},
	keywords = {beef cattle, breeds, grazing behavior, groups, rangelands},
	url = {/files/bibliography/708.pdf},
	author = {Funston, R.N. and Kress, D.D. and Kris Havstad and D. E. Doornbos}
}
@proceedings {52007,
	title = {Copper, manganese and zinc status of beef cows grazing dormant forage on arid range, as affected by supplemental feeds},
	volume = {33},
	year = {1982},
	month = {1982},
	pages = {239-241},
	keywords = {arid range, beef cattle, copper, dormat forage, manganese, supplemental feeds, zinc},
	author = {Head, M.A. and Geoffrey Smith and Trujillo, P.A. and C.H. Herbel and Sanson, D.}
}
