@proceedings {JRN55360, title = {Explorations of heritage vs conventional cattle in a changing climate}, year = {2022}, month = {2/8/2022}, abstract = {Multiple lines of evidence suggest that heritage Raramuri Criollo (RC) cattle, a biotype with over 400 years of naturalization in the harsh landscapes of the Mexican Copper Canyon, could offer producers a novel means of meeting sustainability and production goals on southwestern rangelands in the face of a rapidly dwindling forage supply and a hotter, drier climate. Compared to conventional breeds (e.g. Angus), RC cows and steers have been documented traveling farther per day and exploring larger areas over multiple seasons, ecosystems (Chihuahuan Desert, California chaparral, and Colorado Plateau), and physiological states. Likewise, RC cows have a lighter body weight and tend toward more even grazing distribution and fewer re-visitation rates during critical periods of the year when rangelands are most vulnerable to overgrazing - suggesting a potentially lighter footprint on soils and vegetation. Raramuri Criollo cows, compared to conventional counterparts, express a unique {\textquotedblleft}follower{\textquotedblright} mothering style, which allows cows more freedom for daily exploration. Rararmuri Criollo also tend to exhibit better heat tolerance by maintaining/regulating internal temperatures, possibly because of body size, hair length, hide color, and behavioral tendencies. Use of RC genetics may present production opportunities related to reduced supplemental feed inputs and potentially lower overhead costs compared to conventional counterparts, while still producing marketable crossbred calves that wean and finish at saleable weights with acceptable carcass traits. This assemblage of studies suggests that RC genetics could be well suited to emerging climate change driven conditions on southwestern ranches because of their unique foraging behaviors and physiology, different resource requirements, and theoretical ability to produce more pounds of weaned beef per pound of cow vs conventional biotypes. Future work will seek to determine what role RC cattle might serve in mitigating climate change impacts and how they could fit into niche and conventional beef production systems. }, keywords = {cattle, changing climate, explorations, heritage vs conventional}, author = {Matthew M. McIntosh and Macon, L. and Matthew Redd and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and Richard E. Estell and S. Nyamuryekung{\textquoteright}e and S. A. Utsumi and Amy L. Gonzalez and Andrew Cox and G. Duff and Schallner, J. and S. Spiegal} } @article {JRN55182, title = {Cattle, conservation, and carbon in the western Great Plains}, journal = {Journal of Soil and Water Conservation}, volume = {75}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, abstract = {

Rangelands have garnered attention for their potential to store carbon (C) and have been included in France\’s 4 per 1,000 initiative (Minasny et al. 2017), methods for maintaining or increasing C in grassland soils (American Carbon Registry 2013; Verified Carbon Standard 2017), and portfolios of natural climate solutions (Griscom et al. 2017; Fargione et al. 2018). Rangelands are used to graze livestock, and they provide habitat for species, C storage, and other environmental benefits. Rangelands cover nearly half the world\’s terrestrial surface and store up to 20\% of the global soil organic C (Conant 2012). However, rangelands are being converted to other land uses such as cropland (Lark et al. 2015), housing, industry, transportation, and energy production. Approximately 600,000 ha (1.48 \× 106 ac) of US rangelands were converted to other uses between 2007 and 2012, and another 360,000 ha (0.89 \× 106 ac) between 2012 and 2015 (USDA 2018). Despite the increasing attention being given to soil C, some reports urging soil C management do not mention avoiding conversion (Lal 2019). We suggest that avoiding the loss of rangelands should be given more attention than it currently receives because it offers a well-established approach to retaining soil C along with the other ecosystems services that rangelands provide.

}, keywords = {carbon, cattle, conservation, western Great Plains}, doi = {10.2489/jswc.75.1.5A}, url = {files/bibliography/20-006.pdf}, author = {John S. Sanderson and Curtis Beutler and Joel R. Brown and Ingrid C. Burke and Teresa Chapman and R. Conant and J. D. Derner and Mark Easter and S. Fuhlendorf and Grady Grissom and Jeffrey E. Herrick and Daniel Liptzin and Jack A. Morgan and Rachel Murph and Chris Pague and Imtiaz Rang} } @article {JRN54560, title = {Defoliation of Flourensia cernua (tarbush) with high-density mixed-species stocking}, journal = {Journal of Arid Environments}, volume = {130}, year = {2016}, month = {04/2016}, pages = {62-67}, chapter = {62}, abstract = {

Interest in shrub use by livestock is increasing along with the rising demands placed on rangelands worldwide. Historically, Flourensia cernua (tarbush) has increased in the Chihuahuan Desert but receives limited use by cattle. Cattle, sheep and goats co-grazed eight 0.6 ha tarbush-dominated paddocks during two periods for up to nine days during two consecutive years. Cumulative tarbush defoliation across periods and years averaged 75.6\%, with a mean increase of 9.3\%/day (P \< 0.0001). Defoliation of individual shrubs varied from 5 to 99\% in 1989 and 0 - 100\% in 1990, indicating highly variable palatability among individual plants. Sheep lost 2.3 - 5.5 kg/hd (P \< 0.0001) across periods and years when forced to browse tarbush. In 1989, goats gained (P . 0.0345) 0.6 kg/hd in period 1, but the gain in period 2 was not significant (P . 0.2934). During 1990, goats lost 3.1 kg/hd (P . 0.0001) across periods. High-density mixed-species stocking of small areas for short time periods resulted in extensive tarbush use, primarily due to browsing by sheep and goats. Targeted use of tarbush for short time intervals may increase use of this highly nutritious forage and potentially serve as a form of biocontrol for this shrub.

}, keywords = {biocontrol, browsing, cattle, goats, sheep, shrubs}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.03.013}, url = {/files/bibliography/16-008.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and D.M. Anderson and D. K. James} } @article {JRN53932, title = {The changing role of shrubs in rangeland-based livestock production systems: Can shrubs increase our forage supply?}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {36}, year = {2014}, month = {04/2014}, pages = {25-31}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

Projected global increases in ruminant numbers and loss of native grasslands will present a number of challenges for livestock agriculture. Escalated demand for livestock products may stimulate interest in using shrubs on western rangelands. A paradigm shift is needed to change the role of shrubs in rangeland ecosystems. Progress has occurred in identifying mechanisms to increase shrub use, but more solutions are needed to convert woody plants into red meat. Strategies for increasing shrub use could be important for rural communities to adapt to changing climate and shrub cover and for the livestock industry to adapt to predicted growth.

}, keywords = {cattle, goats, grasslands, secondary plant metabolites, sheep, woody plants}, url = {/files/bibliography/14-009.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and Kris Havstad and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and D.M. Anderson and Scott T. Schrader} } @article {49882, title = {Increasing shrub use by livestock in a world with less grass}, journal = {Rangeland Ecology and Management}, volume = {65}, year = {2012}, month = {11/2012}, pages = {553-562}, chapter = {553}, abstract = {

Much of the world\&$\#$39;s rangelands are dominated by woody species. Competing land uses and continued encroachment of woody species into non-woody dominated rangelands have reduced grasslands in many parts of the world. Land use conversions to fuel and feed global populations, especially for increasing numbers of middle class people seeking broader, meat-based diets, will certainly continue. Halting and/or reversing further encroachment of woody species into grasslands is slow, expensive, and in some cases, not possible. Yet, global livestock numbers continue to increase to meet the growing demand for red meat and other livestock products. How do we reconcile a world with less grass and the concurrent increased demand for forages to feed livestock, either in extensive rangeland production systems or intensive confined feeding systems? Strategies and mechanisms are needed to safely enhance shrub use by ruminants in order to capitalize on a presently underutilized forage resource. Such strategies could provide important means for rural communities to adapt to changing land cover and climate.

}, keywords = {animal behavior, cattle, genetics, goats, plant secondary metabolites, sheep}, doi = {10.2111/REM-D-11-00124.1}, url = {/files/bibliography/12-031.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and Kris Havstad and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and Scott T. Schrader and D. K. James} } @article {49913, title = {Effects of seasonal grazing, drought, fire, and carbon enrichment on soil icroarthropods in a desert grassland}, journal = {Journal of Arid Environments}, volume = {83}, year = {2012}, month = {06/01/2012}, pages = {10-14}, chapter = {10}, abstract = {

This study was designed to test hypotheses about the combined effects of short-term, seasonal grazing with seasonal drought, fire, and carbon enrichment on soil microarthropod communities in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland. The study was conducted in eighteen 0.5 ha plots following three consecutive years of treatment: six plots intensively grazed in summer, six in winter, and six not grazed. There was no difference in perennial grass cover on the summer-grazed and winter-grazed plots. Intensive seasonal grazing had no effect on the abundance and community composition of soil microarthropods. Within each plot there were six subplots: summer rain-out, winter rain-out, burned, glucose amendment, rainout control and burn-glucose control. Fire and carbon enrichment had no significant effect on soil microarthropod abundance or community composition. The average number of microarthropods ranged from 8915 {\textpm} 1422 m-2 in the ungrazed, unburned plots to 7175 {\textpm} 1232 m-2 in the winter-grazed, unburned plots. Microarthropod densities in the glucose-amended plots were 8917 {\textpm} 4902 m-2 in the winter-grazed plots and 10,731 {\textpm} 863 m-2 in the glucose-amended, summer-grazed subplots. The prostigamatid mite, Tydeus sp., was the most abundant microarthropod taxon in all treatment plots. {\textcopyright} 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

}, keywords = {carbon enrichment, cattle, drought, fire, perennial grass cover, prostigmatid mite, rain-out shelter, soil microarthropods}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.03.021}, url = {/files/bibliography/12-017.pdf}, author = {Walter G. Whitford and Yosef Steinberger} } @proceedings {50010, title = {Characterizing foraging patterns among cattle and bonded and non- bonded small ruminants using spatial point process techniques}, year = {2010}, month = {2010}, pages = {12-35}, publisher = {Kansas State University}, address = {Manhattan, Kansas}, abstract = {

Two mixed-species livestock groups were monitored while foraging on 410 ha of brush-infested Southern New Mexico rangeland during July and August 1988. The groups consisted of crossbred Bos taurus and Bos indicus beef cattle with white-faced sheep (Ovis aries) and mohair goats (Capra hircus).\  The bonded group consisted of small ruminants that had their behaviours modified through socialization with cattle to form a flerd in which small ruminants consistently remained near cattle.\  Small ruminants in the non-bonded group had not been socialized with cattle.\  A subset of animal location data measured during the morning over five days for both the bonded and non-bonded groups was analyzed for spatial patterns.\  Only data for five morning periods (0700-0800 h) are reported because morning and afternoon spatial patterns were similar.\  Distance measures and Monte Carlo simulations for spatial point processes were used to analyze the data.\  Results suggested bonded and non-bonded groups were similar in spatial patterns of intra-specific distances for both cattle and small ruminants.\  However, bonding changed the repulsive relationship observed between cattle and non-bonded small ruminants stocked together to one of inter-specific attraction.\  Bonded small ruminants remained close to and formed inter-specific clusters with cattle.\  In addition, the mean number of bonded small ruminants near an arbitrary cow was consistently high.\  Finally, the spatial pattern of cattle across the paddock did not differ between bonded and non-bonded groups, while bonded small ruminants tended to disperse slightly more uniformly across the paddock than did non-bonded small ruminants. These findings suggest paddock utilization may be positively influenced using flerds compared to flocks and herds.

}, keywords = {animal disribution, animal locations, cattle, flerds, goats, mixed-species stocking, sheep}, url = {/files/bibliography/10-046.pdf}, author = {D.M. Anderson and Murray, Leight M. and Sun, P. and E.L. Fredrickson and Richard E. Estell and V.B. Nakamatsu} } @article {JRN52698, title = {Rapid response of a grassland ecosystem to an experimental manipulation of a keystone rodent and domestic livestock}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, year = {2010}, month = {2010}, pages = {3189-3200}, chapter = {3189}, abstract = {

Megaherbivores and small burrowing mammals commonly co-exist and play important functional roles in grassland ecosystems worldwide. The interactive effects of these two functional groups of herbivores in shaping the structure and function of grassland ecosystems are poorly understood. In North America\’s central grasslands, domestic cattle (Bos taurus) have supplanted bison (Bison bison), and now co-exist with prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.), a keystone burrowing rodent. Understanding the ecological relationships between cattle and prairie dogs and their independent and interactive effects is essential to understanding the ecology and important conservation issues affecting North American grassland ecosystems. To address these needs, we established a long-term manipulative experiment that separates the independent and interactive effects of prairie dogs and cattle using a 2 x 2 factorial design. Our study is located in the Janos-Casas Grandes region of northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, which supports one of the largest remaining complexes of black-tailed prairie dogs (C. ludovicianus). Two years of post-treatment data show nearly 2-fold increases in prairie dog abundance on plots grazed by cattle compared to plots without cattle. This positive effect of cattle on prairie dogs resulted in synergistic impacts when they occurred together. Vegetation height was significantly lower on the plots where both species co-occurred compared to where either or both species was absent. The treatments also significantly affected abundance and composition of other grassland animal species, including grasshoppers and banner-tailed kangaroo rats. Our results demonstrate that two different functional groups of herbivorous mammals, burrowing mammals and domestic cattle, have distinctive and synergistic impacts in shaping the structure and function of grassland ecosystems.

}, keywords = {cattle, Chihuahuan Desert, ecosystem engineers, grasshoppers, grassland, grazing, herbivores, keystone species, prairie dogs, vegetation}, url = {/files/bibliography/10-038.pdf}, author = {A.D. Davidson and Ponce, Ed and David C. Lightfoot and E.L. Fredrickson and Joel R. Brown and Burzado, J. and David P. Toledo and S.L. Brantley and Sierra, R. and Lisk, R. and G. Ceballos} } @proceedings {50294, title = {How Does targeted grazing with small ruminants influence subsequent patch use by mule deer and cattle?}, year = {2008}, month = {July 18, 2008}, pages = {21-22}, address = {Corona, NM}, abstract = {Small ruminants are increasingly being used in controlled grazing programs to target undesirable vegetation. It has not been determined how targeted juniper browsing affects subsequent use of those patches by cattle and wildlife. To determine whether cattle or mule deer used or avoided patches that had been intensively browsed by sheep and goats, presence of deer and cattle on patches of juniper infested rangeland that had previously been subjected to four targeted grazing prescriptions were monitored. Digital cameras with infrared motion sensors were installed in 10 plots and maintained for one year after intensive grazing by small ruminants. Four single large patches (20 x 30 m) and four patches containing six small (10 x 10 m) plots subjected previously to browsing by goats or goats plus sheep at high (10 m2/AU/day) or low (60 m2/AU/day) stocking density were used (two replicates per treatment), and two other large plots without previous intensive targeted grazing served as controls. Selection indices (frequency of animals in plots compared to control plots) were determined. Both deer and cattle avoided large patches that had been previously browsed by sheep and goats. These patches had received heaviest use of herbaceous vegetation the previous summer (> 73\%). Deer selected small patches that had previously been browsed by sheep and goats (SI: 2.24), whereas cattle selected large patches (SI: 1.50) and avoided small patches (SI: 0.59) that had been browsed by goats alone. Cattle showed greatest preference for grazed patches during summer (SI: 3.18), while deer avoided them during summer (SI: 0.20) and spring (SI: 0.13). Presence of cattle on a given patch reduced the probability of mule deer presence.}, keywords = {cattle, Corona, mule deer, proceedings, small ruminants}, url = {/files/bibliography/08-036.pdf}, author = {S. A. Utsumi and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and Richard E. Estell and Boren, J. and Brad Cooper and S.H. Cox and D. VanLeeuwen} } @conference {50385, title = {Can prairie dog-cattle interactions be used to remediate desertified Chihuahuan Desert grasslands?}, booktitle = {Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting}, year = {2007}, month = {08/2007}, pages = {PS 39-205}, address = {San Jose, CA}, abstract = {

Chihuahuan Desert grasslands are undergoing a rapid transition to desert scrub conditions. In an effort to remove prairie dogs that are believed to compete with cattle, pastoralists have created a cascade of events promoting shrub expansion and severely reducing the viability of pastoralism within many Chihuahuan Desert ecosystems. The resulting desertification leads to depauperate socio-ecological conditions, with attempts to remediate desertified landscapes often being tenuous and seldom cost effective. The goal of this and other studies are to develop a better understanding of ecosystem drivers, and their interactions, within the Janos-Nuevo Casas Grandes prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) complex in northwest Chihuahua. Beef cattle (Bos taurus) habitat selection was measured on a desert grassland-prairie dog ecosystem using GPS, GIS, and remote sensing technologies inside 4 x 4 km pasture. To classify vegetation we used multispectral Quickbird imagery with 60 cm resolution and eCognition software. We grouped the vegetation in 6 different types: Aristida spp. (50\%), Pleuraphis mutica (8\%), Panicum obtusum (8\%), Bouteloa gracilis (15\%), Amaranthus palmeri (4\%) and prairie dog colonies (15\%). Analyses of cattle movements during the dormant season show a direct preference for the prairie dog colonies, with minimal use of other vegetation types. In smaller scale studies beef cattle showed a preference for forages near the margins of the prairie dog colonies. From these observations we further hypothesize that cattle may help maintain black-tailed prairie dog colonies via mutualistic interactions that may promote the formation and maintenance of Chihuahuan Desert grasslands in this region.

}, keywords = {cattle, prairie dog}, author = {Sierra Corona, R. and E.L. Fredrickson and G. Ceballos and Amy L. Gonzalez and Andrea S. Laliberte and A.D. Davidson and Sanchez, R.L. and G. Bezanilla and Gevara, E.P.} } @conference {50529, title = {Directional Virtual Fencing (DVF{\texttrademark}) and flerds}, booktitle = {58th Annual Meeting Society for Range Management}, year = {2005}, month = {February 5, 2005}, address = {Fort Worth, Texas}, abstract = {Controlling free-ranging animals is among the most challenging jobs a producer faces when managing livestock. Combining a practical understanding of animal behavior with emerging technologies provides opportunities to autonomously control the temporal and spatial location of cattle and sheep on arid rangelands without conventional fencing. Flerd refers to a mixed species group of sheep (flock) and cattle (herd) in which sheep consistently remain within line-of-sight of cattle even when given the opportunity to remain only with peers. This atypical sheep behavior results from modifying sheep behavior, preferably at an early age, through a process called bonding. Using Directional Virtual Fencing (DVFTM), which delivers audio sound and/or electric shock cues to either the right or left side of a cow{\textquoteright}s head, it was possible to contain cattle behind an activated Virtual Boundary (VBTM) that defines the perimeter of a Virtual Paddock (VPTM) using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. Peer relationships among and between individual sheep affected flerd cohesiveness when combining bonded sheep with cows equipped with DVFTM devices. Preliminary results indicate three cows wearing DVFTM devices influenced the spatial location of 13 ewes and 1 wether.}, keywords = {cattle, Directional Virtual Fencing, flerds, free-ranging animals, sheep}, author = {D.M. Anderson and Nayak, P. and B. Nolen and E.L. Fredrickson and Richard E. Estell and C.S. Hale and Kris Havstad} } @conference {50552, title = {Criollo Cattle: An Examination of the Past with an Eye to the Future}, booktitle = {American Society of Animal Science, New Mexico Branch American Association of Laboratory Animal Scientists}, year = {2005}, month = {August 5, 2005}, address = {New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM}, abstract = {During his second voyage in 1492, Columbus introduced the first cattle to the New World. Since their introduction from Andalusia, these cattle have undergone 500 year sof co-evolution with the lanscapes of North and South America. Focusing on arid regions of Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California, we are undertaking a series of studies to better understand the arid land adaptations of "criollo" cattle and their potential effects on vegetation change. While the oldest breed in the United States, these cattle may again prove useful in shaping the future of the North American beef cattle industry.}, keywords = {1492, Andalusia, cattle, Columbus}, author = {E.L. Fredrickson and Richard E. Estell} } @proceedings {50577, title = {Low-stress weaning and preconditioning considerations}, year = {2005}, month = {April 7, 2005}, pages = {56-60}, address = {Alamogordo, New Mexico}, abstract = {There are several sources of stress that can impact cattle throughout their lives. Sources of stress, like branding, weaning, shipping, and feedlot entry, are predictable events and, to some extent, can be managed. Stress management in cattle has two major components: (1) management of the cause of stress and (2) management of the quantified changes seen in the animals caused by stress (NRC 1996). The most stressful time in the life of most calves that follow the conventional marketing channels is from weaning through the first month in the feedlot. Granted, for some calves that are grown on pasture prior to entering the feedlot, there may be a period of relatively low stress while on grass. Nonetheless, steps can be taken by producers to minimize stress of calves prior to and during the weaning process and also prior to shipping and feedyard entry. Reducing stress influences the health and well-being of the animal, ultimately enhancing the potential for improved animal performance. This paper discusses concepts and strategies for weaning and preconditioning beef calves to minimize stress and improve calf performance.}, keywords = {cattle, improved animal performance, low-stress, minimize stress, preconditioning, weaning}, url = {/files/bibliography/05-040ABS.pdf}, author = {Mathis, C.P. and Waggoner, J.W. and E.L. Fredrickson} } @article {50621, title = {Flocks and herds or flerds--the choice is yours}, journal = {Grassroots, Newsletter of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, month = {June 2004}, pages = {16-22}, abstract = {A novel approach for managing mixed species stocking groups involves bonding small ruminants (sheep and goats) to cattle; so, when the animal species are put into a pasture, they remain in close proximity to each other, forming what has been termed a flerd. This close association offers several management benefits, including: protection of the smaller ruminants from canine predation, ease in locating animals at pasture, reducing the need for fencing and utilizing the landscape more uniformly than do flocks and herds. The major emphasis of the manuscript is presenting a {\textquoteright}how to{\textquoteright} approach to creating and maintaining flerds.}, keywords = {bonding, cattle, creating and maintaining, flerds, flocks, herds, ruminants}, url = {/files/bibliography/04-080.pdf}, author = {D.M. Anderson} } @article {50692, title = {Effects of intense, short-duration grazing on microtopography in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland}, journal = {Journal of Arid Environments}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, month = {February 1, 2004}, pages = {383-393}, abstract = {

We studied the effect of three consecutive years of short duration (\<48 h per year), and intense grazing (20{\textquoteright}40 yearling cows per hectare) on soil surface microtopography in a Chihuhuan Desert grassland. We also studied the effects of shrub removal plus grazing on microtopography. Microtopography was measured in 18 plots (treatments). Treatments were a combination of two factors: (1) three levels of grazing (winter-grazed, summer-grazed, and not grazed), and (2) two levels of habitat structure (shrubs-removed and shrubs-intact). Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) shrubs were removed from half of the plots (nine out of 18 plots). The average height of the micromounds, the average depths of intermound depressions, and the number of micromounds were significantly reduced on the grazed plots. Shrub removal had no significant effect on the height of the micromounds or the depth of the intermound depressions of ungrazed plots. There were significant differences in average micromound heights and intermound microdepression depths attributable to the season of grazing. Microtopography was significantly reduced on grazed plots from which shrubs were removed, compared to ungrazed plots, and grazed plots with shrubs present. Grass canopy reduction, and destruction of the micromound structure in a short duration, plus intense grazing results in erosion of micromounds and in-filling of intermound depressions. The loss of microtopography coupled with reduction in vegetation height and cover resulting from short-duration intense grazing by cattle exposed soils to an increased risk of soil erosion Destruction of the micromound/microdepression topography by cattle changes the spatial patterns of water infiltration, and may homogenize nutrients in desert grasslands.

}, keywords = {cattle, grazing, Hoof-action Microtopography index, Microdepressions, Micromounds, wind erosion}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00062-4}, url = {/files/bibliography/04-073.pdf}, author = {M. S. Nash and E. Jackson and Walter G. Whitford} } @article {51316, title = {Differences in ewe and wether behavior when bonded to cattle}, journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science}, volume = {47}, year = {1996}, note = {Reprinted with permission from Elsevier, {\textcopyright} 1996. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01681591}, month = {1996}, pages = {201-209}, abstract = {

Under mixed stocking, both intra- and inter-species associations exist. Sheep normally do not associate with cattle when the two species are grazed together. However, sheep can be made to consistently stay close to (bond) and follow cattle if forced in close association with cattle at an early age for a period of time. The cohesiveness of this inter-species association under free-ranging conditions varies due to many factors, including sheep gender. Bonded wethers stay nearer to cattle than do bonded ewes. However, the distance of separation between bonded sheep groups and cattle groups during grazing increases over time. Though the mechanism(s) for these phenomena are not presently understood, keeping a few bonded wethers with bonded ewes may enhance the establishment and maintenance of consistently coherent range flerds (flocks + herds).

}, keywords = {cattle, grazing, predation, sheep, social grouping}, doi = {10.1016/0168-1591(95)00676-1}, url = {/files/bibliography/465.pdf}, author = {D.M. Anderson and Richard E. Estell and Kris Havstad and Shupe, W. Larry and R. Libeau and L. W. Murray} } @article {51460, title = {Grazing behavior of free-ranging beef cows to initial and prolonged exposure to fluctuating thermal environments}, journal = {Applied Animal Behavior Science}, volume = {39}, year = {1994}, note = {Reprinted with permission from Elsevier, {\textcopyright} 1994. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01681591}, month = {1994}, pages = {103-113}, abstract = {

Effects of initial and prolonged exposure to cold ambient temperatures on the behaviors of free-ranging beef cows were examined over a fall and winter season. Mean daily temperature (MDT) and short-term thermal stress (STTS) were used to express thermal stressors. Short-term thermal stress was defined as the deviation of the current day{\textquoteright}s mean temperature from a running mean temperature of previous days (an acclimation period). Twenty different acclimation periods (calculated using temperatures from the previous 1{\textendash}20 days) were used to express 20 different acclimation lengths for determining STTS. Daily grazing time and forage intake were estimated for 15, 6-year-old gestating cows during January and February (winter trial), and for 12 of these cows during October and November (fall trial). In the winter, daily grazing time increased with increased ambient temperature and decreased with increased thermal stress (P\<0.10). Observed fluctuations in winter daily grazing time in relation to thermal stress were less than 84 min day-1. Daily grazing time was lower in the fall than winter. Cattle acclimated more quickly to STTS in the winter than in the fall. However, forage intake was consistent during both seasons and unresponsive to thermal stress. The thermal environment in these northern latitudes appeared to be only a minor influence upon grazing behaviors. It is likely that forage quality and availability, and accessibility of sites with moderate microclimates are more important environmental features effecting daily intake and total grazing time.

}, keywords = {cattle, feeding, grazing, Thermoregulatory behavior}, doi = {10.1016/0168-1591(94)90130-9}, url = {/files/bibliography/431.pdf}, author = {Prescott, M. and Kris Havstad and K. M. Olson-Rutz and E.L. Ayers and M.K. Petersen} } @article {51461, title = {Free-ranging cattle water consumption in south-central New Mexico}, journal = {Applied Animal Behavior Science}, volume = {39}, year = {1994}, note = {Reprinted with permission from Elsevier, {\textcopyright} 1994. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01681591}, month = {1994}, pages = {29-38}, abstract = {

Water-drinking behavior of 67 free-ranging protein supplemented and nonsupplemented beef cattle was examined between May 23 and 16 July 1986, in southcentral New Mexico. The lactating and nonlactating cows had a mean liveweight of 383 kg and were maintained as a single herd, and separated only during supplementation with an automated sorting and single animal electronic identification system. Mean daily water consumption was 57 1 day-1 ( 16 1 ( 100 kg liveweight)-1) at a rate of 20 1 min-1 under mean mid-range ambient air temperatures between 14 and 24{\textdegree}C. Water consumed by cows supplemented at 0.7 kg head-1 day-1 and 1.4 kg head-1 day-1 fed every 5.9 days and 3.5 days, respectively, was 14 1 (100 kg liveweight)-1 \ and 15 1 (100 kg liveweight)-1 (P=0.7238), respectively. In contrast, nonsupplemented cows consumed more (P<=0.0015) water (17 1 (100 kg liveweight)-1) than supplemented cows. Lactating cows consumed more water (P\<0.0001) than nonlactating cows ( 19 1 (100 kg liveweight)-1 and 12 1 (100 kg liveweight)-1, respectively). One drinking event every 24 h was sufficient to satisfy cows 94\% of the time. Neither supplement level nor lactation affected (P\>0.05) daily watering frequency. Water intake was negatively correlated to predrinking liveweight (r= -0.19; P\<0.01) and the current day{\textquoteright}s maximum ambient air temperature if greater than or equal to 30{\textdegree}C (r=-0.11; P\<0.02). Water intake was not correlated to temperatures <=30{\textdegree}C. Water consumption was positively correlated to relative humidities between 15 and 86\% (r=0.17; P\<0.01). Water consumption was not correlated (P\>0.05) with the mid-range or maximum ambient air temperatures of the current or previous day. Our findings indicate large feedings of protein reduced water consumption, probably as a consequence of lower forage intake. Lactation increased water requirements and liveweight was a poor predictor of water needs. Water consumption is affected by biotic and abiotic factors other than those we evaluated.

}, keywords = {cattle, Drinking behavior, feeding, grazing, nutrition}, doi = {10.1016/0168-1591(94)90013-2}, url = {/files/bibliography/432.pdf}, author = {R. R. Rouda and D.M. Anderson and Wallace, J.D. and L. W. Murray} } @article {51479, title = {Influence of ruminally dispensed monensin and forage maturity on intake and digestion}, journal = {Journal of Range Management}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {1993}, note = {Permission to post articles granted by the Society for Range Management; www.rangelands.org.}, month = {1993}, pages = {214-220}, abstract = {

Eight ruminally cannulated crossbred steers (average weight 336 kg) grazing native blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis\  [H.B.K.]) rangeland were used in a repeated measures design to evaluate effects of monensin ruminal delivery devices (MRDD) and forage phenology on ruminal digestion.\  Three periods were assessed: mid-August (Aug.), early October (Oct.), and mid-November (Nov.).\  One MRDD was placed in the reticulum of 4 steers via the ruminal cannula 21 days before each period.\  Intake was estimated using total fecal collections.\  Diet samples were collected using 3 esophogeally fistulated steers. Ruminal fill was measured by ruminal evacuation; rate and extent of in situ ruminal neutral detergent fiber disappearance were estimated before ruminal evacuations.\  Ruminal passage rates, retention time, and apparent total tract organic matter digestibility were estimated using indigestible neutral detergent fiber.\  In vitro organic matter disappearance of esophageal masticate did not differ (P\>.05) in Aug. and Oct. (average of 53.7\%), but declined (P\<.05) in Nov. (48.7\%), whereas organic matter digestibility was greater (P\<.10) in Aug. (62.3\%) than in either Oct. (55.2\%) or Nov. (53.9\%).\  Release of monensin from the bolus (68 mg day-1) was less than expected (100 mg day-1).\  Intake, organic matter digestibility, ruminal passage rates, retention time, pH, and ammonia were not affected (P\>.10) by MRDD.\  In situ neutral detergent fiber disappearance at 96 hours was decreased (P\<.10) by MRDD (68 vs 65\% for control and MRDD, respectively).\  As the grazing season progressed, intake declined (P\<.10), whereas ruminal fill and retention time increased (P\<.05), and passage rate of indigestible neutral detergent fiber decreased (P\<.05). At 48 hours in situ neutral detergent fiber was greatest (P\<.05) in Aug. and least (P\<.05) in Nov.

}, keywords = {beef, cattle, digestion, forage quality, rangeland}, url = {/files/bibliography/401.pdf}, author = {E.L. Fredrickson and Galyean, M.L. and Branine, M.E. and Sowell, B.F.} } @mastersthesis {51506, title = {Diurnal diet composition and behavior of cattle and sheep on Chihuahuan Desert range}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1993}, note = {Available in JER Library}, month = {1993}, pages = {162 }, school = {New Mexico State University}, type = {Dissertation }, address = {Las Cruces}, keywords = {behavior, cattle, Chihuahuan Desert, diet composition, dissertation, diurnal, research notes, sheep}, author = {J. N. Smith} } @article {51512, title = {Technical note: Automatic sorting of free-ranging cattle}, journal = {Journal of Range Management}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, note = {Permission to post articles granted by the Society for Range Management; www.rangelands.org.}, month = {1992}, pages = {312-314}, abstract = {

An automated system to weigh and sort free-ranging cattle was adapted to administer cottonseed pellets (41\% crude protein) to free-ranging cattle. The frequency with which animals drank water determined the interval between supplemental feedings. The automatic spacing of individual animals was the weakest link in the chain of events leading to the sorting of cattle into groups to administer treatments. Periodically during the study, free-standing water was available due to above-average precipitation. This resulted in an inconsistent supplementation schedule because animals did not have to return through the maze to drink water. Single herd management eliminated potential pasture-treatment confounding but accentuated individual animal behavior which resulted in a range of supplement intakes and drinking water patterns.

}, keywords = {automation, body weight, cattle, cattle feeding, cottonseed protein, dietary supplements, drinking, free range husbandry, sorting, weight determination}, url = {/files/bibliography/379.pdf}, author = {D.M. Anderson and R. R. Rouda and L. W. Murray and Pieper, Rex D.} } @article {51623, title = {The effects of ruminal escape protein or fat on nutritional status of pregnant winter-grazing beef cows}, journal = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {68}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {1743-1750}, abstract = {

This study was designed to determine the influence of soybean meal supplementation, with or without additional ruminal escape protein or fat, on the nutritional status of pregnant winter-grazing beef cows. During two winters (Trials 1 and 2), approximately 60 prepartum beef cows grazed native foothills range each year. Cows were allotted randomly to five groups and supplemented (g/d) with either none (control); 570 soybean meal (SOY); 450 soybean meal plus 230 blood meal (SOY + BM); 140 soybean meal, 16 urea plus 450 corn gluten meal (SOY + CGM); or 570 soybean meal plus 210 animal fat (SOY + FAT). These supplements were designed to supply similar quantities of ruminal degraded protein while varying in escape protein quantity and source (SOY + BM and SOY + CGM). Condition scores and body weights were determined at trial initiation (mid-December) and conclusion (early March). Eight blood samples obtained over 4 d during three periods (9, 4 and 1 wk prior to parturition) were analyzed for concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen (N), total bilirubin, creatinine, albumin, total protein and cholesterol. Cows in the control treatment experienced the greatest BW loss in both trials. In Trial 2, escape protein tended to decrease (P\<.06) BW loss compared to SOY, though loss tended to be greater (P\<.08) with SOY + CGM than with SOY + BM. Escape protein can enhance nutritional status when supplemented with .6 kg/d of soybean meal.

}, keywords = {beef, blood chemistry, cattle, protein supplements}, url = {/files/bibliography/703.pdf}, author = {Miner, J.L. and M.K. Petersen and Kris Havstad and McInerney, M.J. and Bellows, R.A.} } @conference {51808, title = {Cattle and sheep activities under simultaneous stocking of arid rangeland}, booktitle = {39th Annual Meeting, Society for Range Management}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {141}, abstract = {Within each of three seasons (i.e., dormancy, ephemeral and perennial growth) a series of observations were made on cattle and sheep between sunrise and sunset. Grazing, walking, standing, and lying events were recorded with an electronic, hand-held data logger that contained a real-time clock. Discussion of the data includes evaluating the locations within the paddock where the various activities took place and the implications this type of data has in developing mixed species grazing strategies.}, keywords = {activities, arid rangeland, cattle, sheep, simultaneous stocking}, author = {D.M. Anderson and J. N. Smith and Clarence V. Hulet} } @article {51853, title = {Jornada Experimental Range: we{\textquoteright}re still learning}, journal = {Agricultural Research}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, year = {1986}, note = {//USDA//NONE//}, month = {1986}, pages = {6-9}, abstract = {A general overview of the Jornada Experimental Range from 1880{\textquoteright}s to 1986.}, keywords = {article, articles, cattle, community, grassland, grazing, journal, journals, review, sheep}, author = {Senft, Dennis} } @proceedings {51899, title = {The dynamics of liveweight in cattle grazing southwestern United States semiarid rangeland}, year = {1984}, month = {May 13, 1984}, pages = {402-403}, address = {Adelaide, Australia}, abstract = {This paper alleges that information necessary to make management decisions, such as calving date, and improved precision in estimating characteristics of an individual cow{\textquoteright}s liveweight profile can be obtained when liveweights taken frequently and automatically are compared to liveweights taken at greater than 27-day intervals using conventional methods. The measurement, liveweight, is used to evaluate biological and economic components of production animal agriculture. Changes in liveweight are dynamic, both diurnally and seasonally, mainly in response to body fluids anti fill (Anderson and Tietjen, 1982). To reduce variability in the mean liveweight between animals, past research has been directed to evaluate number of animals to be weighed, time of weighing, type and length of fasting, and the use of consecutive weighings (Hughes, 1976). Until the advent of single animal electronic scales and individual electronic animal identification, frequent weighing of free ranging cattle was not practical (Anderson, Landt and Salazar, 1981). Automatic liveweight data acquisition reduces the incidence of transcriptional and phonetic errors and variability in data taken during manual weighing arising from nervous animalsthat move excessively on the scale platform. Analyses in this paper compare liveweight data of free ranging cattle obtained when both infrequent manual and automatic weighings were recorded. Prior to drinking, automatically obtained individual liveweights were taken whenever animals entered the corral to drink water.}, keywords = {cattle, grazing, liveweight, management, semiarid rangeland}, url = {/files/bibliography/286.pdf}, author = {D.M. Anderson and Weeks, D.L.} } @proceedings {51990, title = {Drylot shrink of cattle grazing semidesert rangeland during February, May, July and October}, volume = {33}, year = {1982}, month = {July 7-9, 1982}, pages = {242-245}, abstract = {Selling cattle by liveweight is the preferred method for economic remuneration (Ares, 1942; Hall, 1977). As a research tool, liveweight is used extensively by scientists to describe treatment effects (Morris, 1967). Bone, tissue, pelage, various fluids and digestive tract contents (fill) combine to give liveweight. Even though bone, tissue and pelage vary between animals (Andersson et al., 1979; Murray, 1980), fill and fluids are the most variable components. Fill and fluids can change diurnally in response to forage quantity (Currie, 1975), forage quality (Ward, 1975), physiological status (Allen, 1946), handling method (Brownson, 1973), animal behavior (Arnold and Dudzinski, 1978) and weather (Fuquay, 1981), besides the interaction of one or more of these factors operating simultaneously (Hughes, 1976). There is not unanimous agreement on the best method to reduce variability in liveweight between animals due to differences in fill and fluids. Matches (1981) advocates a dry lot shrink when liveweights are used to evaluate short-term grazing experiments. Harris et al. (1967) on the other hand, indicate that gathering animals prior to morning grazing followed immediately by weighing will give precise liveweights. Time of day when weighing is done is important if variability in fill and fluids is to be kept to a minimum. Water intake for example can occur any time during a 24-hour period as documented by Low et al. (1981). This study was conducted to evaluate the liveweight profile resulting from a drylot shrink of cattle grazing semiarid rangeland during February, May, July and October.}, keywords = {cattle, drylot shrink, liveweight profile, semidesert rangeland}, url = {/files/bibliography/214.pdf}, author = {D.M. Anderson and Tietjen, G.} } @article {52368, title = {Liquid and dry supplements for wintering range beef calves}, year = {1971}, month = {1971}, pages = {8 }, address = {Las Cruces}, abstract = {The nutritive value of range plants decreases as they mature. When these plants are dormant, they are often deficient in certain nutrients, particularly protein and phosphorus. These deficiencies have been shown by many studies, including those at New Mexico State University. To correct these deficiencies during the winter, supplemental nutrients may be provided in many forms, the most common being meals, pellets and blocks. A relatively new practice is the use of liquid supplements. Such supplements have a liquid base, usually molasses, to which other ingredients are added. The most common addition is nonprotein nitrogen, such as urea, next most common is phosphorus and others are vitamins, minerals and antibiotics. Most liquid supplements are used in feedlot rations. Animals on pasture or range may also be offered liquid supplement free-choice, either ad libitum (at will) or restricted. With ad lib feeding, the supplement is placed in an open container with animal intake restricted only by formula modification. With restricted feeding, intake is controlled by mechanical feeders. The feeder is usually a covered container with one or more wheels extending down through the cover; the wheels turn as they are licked by the animals and a fresh layer of liquid is picked up with each turn. Decisions about supplements to feed to grazing cattle during the winter season should be based on what nutrients are lacking in the forage available for grazing. Many forms and formulations of supplements may be purchased and the increased availability of liquidsupplements has raised many questions concerning their nutritive value. To answer these questions, the NMSU Agricultural Experimental Station compared weight gains and feed costs of range beef calves fed liquid and dry supplements. Liquid supplements were compared to dry supplements in four experiments. All comparisons were with beef calves weaned in October and allowed to graze in native grass pastures. The pastures contained adequate quantities of dry grass, although the number of acres required per head varied considerably.}, keywords = {cattle, government publication, range plants, supplemental nutrients, winter grazing}, url = {/files/bibliography/131.pdf}, author = {Nelson, A.B. and Neumann, A.L. and C.H. Herbel and Yarbrough, C.C. and E. Parker and Whittenburg, J.} } @proceedings {52424, title = {Chemical composition of the diet of cows grazing on arid range}, volume = {20}, year = {1969}, month = {1969}, pages = {355-360}, abstract = {Chemical composition of range plants offers an indication of their nutritive value. The protein content of forages usually decreases as plants mature. The levels of fiber and lignin are generally reflections of the availability of energy from the plant because, as plants grow and mature, the level of fiber and degree of lignification increase and the digestibility of these fibrous portions decreases. Several New Mexico studies (Watkins, 1943; Watkins and Repp, 1964; and others) have reported the chemical composition of range plants collected throughout the state. These reports concern forage species found in a pasture without emphasis on proportions or quantities of each species grazed by livestock. Also, sampling has not included many forbs, which may constitute a major portion of the diet of grazing cows. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition of the plant species grazed by cattle on an arid range in southern New Mexico.}, keywords = {arid range, cattle, chemical composition, diet, forage species}, url = {/files/bibliography/119.pdf}, author = {Nelson, A.B. and C.H. Herbel and Jackson, H.M.} } @article {52465, title = {Activities of hereford and Santa Gertrudis cattle on a southern New Mexico range}, journal = {Journal of Range Management}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, year = {1966}, note = {Permission to post articles granted by the Society for Range Management; www.rangelands.org.}, month = {July 1, 1966}, pages = {173-176}, abstract = {Only a few studies have compared the performance of two breeds of cattle on rangelands of the United States. Although Herefords are the dominant breed in the Southwest, cattle with some Brahman blood may be better adapted to the hot, arid environment. This study was conducted to determine the differences, if any, in performance of Hereford and Santa Gertrudis cattle on rangeland.}, keywords = {cattle, hereford, performance, rangeland, Santa Gertrudis, southern New Mexico}, url = {/files/bibliography/098.pdf}, author = {C.H. Herbel and Nelson, A.B.} } @article {52469, title = {Species preference of Hereford and Santa Gertrudis cattle on a southern New Mexico range}, journal = {Journal of Range Management}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, year = {1966}, note = {Permission to post articles granted by the Society for Range Management; www.rangelands.org.}, month = {July 1, 1966}, pages = {177-181}, abstract = {The species preferences of Hereford and Santa Gertrudis cows were observed during a 3-year period. The cattle grazed a variety of species, undoubtedly an important factor affecting nutritional status. They ate, to some extent, all available species. There was no apparent difference between breeds in the quantity of coarse plants consumed. The species grazed by livestock and the species preferred during various seasons are important in formulating grazing management plans and for nutritional studies. Season of growth, succulence, abundance, and nutritive qualities are plant properties influencing species preference. Tribe (1952) reported that in animals, age, stage of pregnancy, general physical condition, and hunger also affect grazing preference. The purpose of this portion of the overall study was to determine the plants grazed by cattle during the various seasons.}, keywords = {cattle, hereford, range, Santa Gertrudis, southern New Mexico, species preference}, url = {/files/bibliography/099.pdf}, author = {C.H. Herbel and Nelson, A.B.} } @proceedings {52483, title = {Performance of hereford and Santa Gertrudis cattle on arid range in southwestern United States}, year = {1965}, month = {1965}, pages = {F-19--F-20}, abstract = {The performance of Hereford and Santa Gertrudis cattle on the Jornada Experimental Range was studied for 3 years. The test herd consisted of 15 cows of each breed stocked separately on two pastures of about the same shape. They were rotated between these two pastures annually. The activities of one Hereford cow and one Santa Gertrudis cow were noted for a 24-hr period every 4 weeks during the 3-yr period. A cow from each breed was observed during the daylight hours each 28-day period for the first 17 months. Generally, Herefords spent more time grazing (42.9\% v. 37.2\%), standing-ruminating (8.6\% v. 6.8\%), and rubbing (1.1 times per day v. 0.1 times), while the Santa Gertrudis spent more time walking (12.1\% v. 6.6\%). They spent about the same time ruminating-lying (23.0\%), standing-idle (7.5\%), lying-idle (10.1\%), nursing (1 .6\%), watering (1.2 times), salting (0.3 times), defecating (6.5 times), and urinating (6.2 times). At the same time as the activities were being observed, the location within a pasture of the cow while grazing was noted. Utilization checks of perennial grasses in various zones (half-mile intervals from water) within a pasture were taken at periodic intervals. These data indicate that there was essentially no difference in the grazing distribution patterns in these pastures in each of which it was 3{\textonehalf} miles from water to the opposite side of the pasture.}, keywords = {arid range, cattle, hereford, Santa Gertrudis, southwestern United States}, url = {/files/bibliography/093.pdf}, author = {C.H. Herbel and Nelson, A.B.} } @article {JRN54200, title = {Managing Grass-Shrub Cattle Ranges in the Southwest}, volume = {62}, year = {1959}, pages = {1-40}, publisher = {US Forest Service}, edition = {Agriculture Handbook}, abstract = {

Grass-shrub rangelands occupy extensive acreages in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico between elevations of 3,000 and 5,000 feet. At lower elevations, the grass-shrub type merges with deserts dominated by creosotebush2.\  At higher elevations, the type forms a transition with chaparral, pinyon-juniper, or oak-woodland types (fig.1). Perennial grasses are the mainstay of the forage supply but browse species and annual grasses are sometimes important.

Sustained high production of perennial grass forage depends upon stocking the proper number of animals, grazing at appropriate times, and providing for optimum distribution of livestock. The usual practice is to graze the ranges yearlong. Annual or periodic adjustments in number of grazing animals are necessary because of wide variations in forage production. Seasonal adjustments are also helpful. Grazing can often be planned to make summer use of abundant annuals at lower elevations, spring use of ranges where browse is abundant, and winter use of ranges where black grama is an important component.

}, keywords = {cattle, grass-shrub, managing, Santa Rita}, issn = {62}, url = {/files/bibliography/1959-1.pdf}, author = {Reynolds, Hudson G.} } @article {52540, title = {Effect of Rodents, Rabbits, and Cattle on Two Vegetation Types in Semidesert Range Land}, number = {Bulletin 353}, year = {1950}, month = {January 1950}, pages = {24}, institution = {New Mexico Agricultural Experimental Station}, address = {Las Cruces}, keywords = {bulletin, cattle, rabbits, rangeland, rodents, vegetation}, url = {/files/bibliography/103.pdf}, author = {Norris, J. J.} } @article {52566, title = {What does a range calf cost?}, journal = {The New Mexico Stockman}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, year = {1943}, month = {December 1943}, pages = {3-4}, abstract = {Wartime demands for beef and hides are great. Market prices for live animals have been extremely favorable. How long they remain so is questionable in view of the dense numbers of livestock on hand and extreme shortages in feed supplies and protein supplements. Reduction of breeding to the point where they can be maintained entirely on range forage is imperative. In view of the present shortages of supplies and equipment and rising costs of labor and taxes, it is also imperative for the rancher to make a close scrutiny of his operational expenses. An analysis of operating expenses will give a detailed picture of the cost of each item produced. Such an analysis is often helpful in indicating the adjustments necessary in order to increase efficiency and economy.}, keywords = {beef, cattle, market prices, operating expenses, wartime}, url = {/files/bibliography/060.pdf}, author = {F.N. Ares} } @article {52600, title = {A study of poisonous drymaria on southern New Mexico ranges}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1937}, month = {1937}, pages = {416-426}, abstract = {Among the harmful plants that grow on clay (adobe) soils on ranges of southern New Mexico, the most poisonous for cattle are dwarf summer annuals of the species Drymaria holostcoides Bentham (D. pachyphylla \Woot. and Standl.). Of more than a dozen species of J)rvmaria occurring in Central America, Mexico and southwestern United States, members of only the species named are known to be toxic. These plants have been found in southern New Mexico, southwestern Texas, southeastern Arizona, and Mexico. Because of the great number of deaths of range cattle caused by eating these poisonous plants, a study of them was made by the author in 1934 and 1935 with a view to determining feasible methods of eradication and how livestock losses might be reduced. These investigations were made at the Jornada Experimental Range, U.S. Forest Service, near Las Cruces, New Mexico. Discovery of these plants as poisonous is recent. In 1922, the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station and the Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Department of Agriculture, began a cooperative study of these plants. Lantow ({\textquoteright}29), of the former institution, demonstrated their extreme toxicity to cattle and sheep in feeding experiments from 1923 to 1927 and found all parts of the plants above ground to be poisonous at all stages of growth. Because of the unpalatability of the plants, forced feeding was necessary. Campbell ({\textquoteright}31) showed poisonous drymaria to be a pioneer weed in plant succession on clay soils, and made germination tests of the seeds. Mathews ({\textquoteright}33) conducted additional feeding experiments in southwestern Texas in 1932 and determined lethal doses. He reported that the plants caused death in a cow when they were eaten at the low rate of 0.4 percent of body weight, in a sheep at 0.6 pe cent, and in a goat at 0.97 percent. The toxic principle has not been determined.}, keywords = {cattle, harmful plants, poisonous drymaria, southern New Mexico}, url = {/files/bibliography/036.pdf}, author = {E. L. Little Jr.} } @article {52630, title = {The cost of a range calf}, journal = {American Cattle Producer}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, year = {1927}, month = {1927}, pages = {3-6}, abstract = {The problem which first, last and always concerns the cowman, as well as any individual engaged in any line of business, is none other than the time-honored question of making the outfit pay. Owing to adverse conditions that have affectedthe range cattle business during the past 5 years, the cattle grower has not had to worry much about what to do with profits. It has been more a matter of drawing his belt up a little tighter from time to time to meet the demands of lean years. However, conditions have already shown enough improvement so that the cowman can at least begin to look his problems in the face with a full stomach. The cattle business in southern New Mexico has probably suffered more severely than the industry in general. The end of the war foundranges heavilystocked due to patriotic efforts ofcattlemen doing their bit by producing more beef. The drought that prevailed from 1916 to 1918 continued with only short respites through 1922 and 1924. Falling prices, often so low they would not pay freight to central markets, increased the difficulties of reducing herds to a sound basis of stocking the ranges. Through all of this, the cattleman has lived in hopes, but the combined forces of drought, overstocking, deteriorating ranges and depression have been a difficult combination with which to cope.}, keywords = {business, cattle, range}, url = {/files/bibliography/012.pdf}, author = {Schoeller, J.D.} } @article {52639, title = {Calf crop increases on the Jornada}, journal = {Organized Farming}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, year = {1922}, month = {1922}, pages = {1-2}, abstract = {

New Mexico has in the neighborhood of 70,000,000 acres of land chiefly valuable for grazing livestock. About 18,500,000 acres are found in the southern tier of low-rainfall counties. The importance of this vast area in the economic life of New Mexico may be realized when it\’s known that an estimate by the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates places the number of cattle in southern New Mexico at 435,000 head, or about 30 per cent of the total in the state. Investigations in range cattle management have been conducted at the Jornada Range Reserve since 1915 by the U.S. Forest Service in cooperation with C.T. Turney, a practical stockman of long experience in the Southwest. Periodic droughts, varying from 1 to 4 years in duration, may occur every 7 to 10 years and play such an important part in range production in the Southwest that any system of range management must take in consideration this factor. The investigators have endeavored to work out an economic system of management for range and stock which would maintain a good breeding herd, regardless of the drought factor and, at the same time, secure highest productivity of the forage and its proper use.

}, keywords = {cattle, forage productivity, management system, New Mexico, range}, url = {/files/bibliography/009.pdf}, author = {Nelson, E. W.} } @article {52640, title = {Chopped soapweed as emergency feed for cattle on Southwestern ranges}, year = {1919}, month = {January 29, 1919}, pages = {20 }, abstract = {Heavy losses of stock resulting from long periods of drought are the greatest handicap of the stock industry on Southwestern ranges. Such droughts have occurred at intervals of 3 to 10 years. When these droughts continue for more than a year, the situation becomes critical due to the lack of range forage or other available feed. Cottonseed products serve well as supplemental feed in times when enough range forage is available to provide the necessary roughage. During prolonged droughts like the present one, which began early in 1916 and continues unbroken to the present (June 15, 1918), the range forage crop may be so small as to require other roughage, as well as concentrated feeds. The problem may be solved in part in some of the less arid regions by raising fodder crops using dry farming. The ranges where this is practical at present, however, are not extensive. On a few ranges adjacent to irrigated districts, the necessary emergency feeds might be furnished by crops from those irrigated areas. But this supply, at best, would be restricted to ranges in the immediate vicinity of the irrigated areas and would not provide emergency feed for the larger portions of the Southwestern ranges where losses have been heavy and breeding herds established through years of effort have been sacrified. In hopes of meeting the problem on such ranges, at least to an extent which will make it possible to maintain the breeding herd over critical periods, the Department of Agriculture has been cooperating for a number of years with a practical stockman on the Jornada Range Reserve in southern New Mexico in working out a comprehensive plan of range management and supplemental feeding. For several years, this plan has included investigating the use of native vegetation as emergency feed. The results of range management with supplemental feeding and initial tests to determine the value of soapweed as ensilage were reported in Department of Agriculture Bulletin 588. Later investigations, including extensive experimental feeding, have shown conclusively that soapweed, if properly utilized, has great value as an emergency stock feed.}, keywords = {cattle, emergency, feed, government publication, soapweed, Southwestern ranges}, url = {/files/bibliography/007.pdf}, author = {Forsling, C.L.} }