@article {JRN54922, title = {Controlling one-seed juniper saplings with small ruminants: What we{\textquoteright}ve learned}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {40}, year = {2018}, month = {10/2018}, pages = {129-135}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Protein supplements and polyethylene glycol increased juniper intake by small ruminants in all seasons except fall, when PSM concentrations were greatest. Terpenes were affected by season and sapling size, and were related to juniper intake by small ruminants. Small sapling browsing occurred most frequently in summer. Debarking of branches on taller saplings was greatest in spring. Ten years later, juniper kill ranged from 5-14\%. Growth suppression was still evident after 10 years; browsed saplings averaged 13 cm shorter than controls. Strategies to target grazing of one-seed juniper are more likely to succeed if aligned with periods when PSM are lowest.

}, keywords = {goats, phenology, plant secondary metabolites, protein supplementation, sheep, targeted grazing}, doi = {doi.org/10.1016/j.rala.2018.07.002}, url = {/files/bibliography/18-018.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and S. A. Utsumi and Stricklan, D. and Butler, E. M. and Fish, A. I. and Amy Ganguli} } @article {JRN54560, title = {Defoliation of Flourensia cernua (tarbush) with high-density mixed-species stocking}, journal = {Journal of Arid Environments}, volume = {130}, year = {2016}, month = {04/2016}, pages = {62-67}, chapter = {62}, abstract = {

Interest in shrub use by livestock is increasing along with the rising demands placed on rangelands worldwide. Historically, Flourensia cernua (tarbush) has increased in the Chihuahuan Desert but receives limited use by cattle. Cattle, sheep and goats co-grazed eight 0.6 ha tarbush-dominated paddocks during two periods for up to nine days during two consecutive years. Cumulative tarbush defoliation across periods and years averaged 75.6\%, with a mean increase of 9.3\%/day (P \< 0.0001). Defoliation of individual shrubs varied from 5 to 99\% in 1989 and 0 - 100\% in 1990, indicating highly variable palatability among individual plants. Sheep lost 2.3 - 5.5 kg/hd (P \< 0.0001) across periods and years when forced to browse tarbush. In 1989, goats gained (P . 0.0345) 0.6 kg/hd in period 1, but the gain in period 2 was not significant (P . 0.2934). During 1990, goats lost 3.1 kg/hd (P . 0.0001) across periods. High-density mixed-species stocking of small areas for short time periods resulted in extensive tarbush use, primarily due to browsing by sheep and goats. Targeted use of tarbush for short time intervals may increase use of this highly nutritious forage and potentially serve as a form of biocontrol for this shrub.

}, keywords = {biocontrol, browsing, cattle, goats, sheep, shrubs}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.03.013}, url = {/files/bibliography/16-008.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and D.M. Anderson and D. K. James} } @article {JRN54236, title = {Effects of Juniperus species and stage of maturity on nutritional, in vitro digestibility, and plant secondary compound characteristics}, journal = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {93}, year = {2015}, month = {08/2015}, pages = {4034-4047}, chapter = {4034}, abstract = {

Rising feed costs and recurring feed shortages necessitate the investigation into alternative and underutilized feed resources. Nutritional characteristics of Juniperus species are either unknown or limited to leaves and ground material from small stems. Thus, the objective was to quantify nutritional characteristics, 48-h true IVDMD (tIVDMD), microbial gas production, and secondary compound characteristics of entire woody plant material of four Juniperus species: J. pinchotii, J. monosperma, J. ashei, J. virginiana, at immature and mature stages of growth. Immature plants had greater CP concentrations and lower NDF concentrations (P \< 0.001) than mature plants regardless of species. Mature plants also had greater (P \< 0.001) concentrations of ADF compared to immature plants with the exception of J.virginiana. In general, immature J. pinchotii, J. monosperma and J.ashei had greater (P \< 0.02) tIVDMD, total 48-h and asymptotic gas production than mature plants. Immature J.monosperma and J.pinchotii\  plants were more digested (tIVDMD: P \< 0.001) than immature J.virginiana and J.ashei but tIVDMD did not differ in mature plant material across species. Condensed tannins (CT) were greater (P \< 0.001) in immature J.pinchotii and J.ashei than mature plants; differences in CT concentrations among immature species were also detected (P \< 0.04). Volatile oil yields were similar across maturity and species with one exception; immature J.pinchotii yielded greater (P \< 0.02) volatile oil than mature material. Volatile oil composition across species varied and contained a range of 65 to 70 terpene compounds. The dominant terpenes across species were generally greater (P \< 0.05) in immature vs. mature plant material with the exception of J.virginiana. Labdane acids were negligible in J.pinchotii, J.ashei, and J.virginiana, and greater in J.monosperma (P \< 0.001). Ground material from mature juniper species, although inferior in nutritional quality compared to immature plants, is comparable to traditional low-quality roughage ingredients. Given that ground J.pinchotii has been successfully fed in lamb feedlot diets and nutritional similarities of J.monosperma and J.ashei to J. pinchotii 47 combine to suggest potential of J.monosperma and J.ashei as effective roughage ingredient alternatives.

}, keywords = {in vitro digestibility, juniper, nutritional quality, secondary compounds, sheep, woody plants}, url = {/files/bibliography/15-015.pdf}, author = {Stewart, W. C. and Whitney, T.R. and Scholljegerdes, E.J. and Naumann, H.D. and Cherry, N.M. and Muir, J.P. and Lambert, B.D. and J.W. Walker and J. Rodger Adams and Welch, K.D. and D. R. Gardner and Richard E. Estell} } @article {JRN53932, title = {The changing role of shrubs in rangeland-based livestock production systems: Can shrubs increase our forage supply?}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {36}, year = {2014}, month = {04/2014}, pages = {25-31}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

Projected global increases in ruminant numbers and loss of native grasslands will present a number of challenges for livestock agriculture. Escalated demand for livestock products may stimulate interest in using shrubs on western rangelands. A paradigm shift is needed to change the role of shrubs in rangeland ecosystems. Progress has occurred in identifying mechanisms to increase shrub use, but more solutions are needed to convert woody plants into red meat. Strategies for increasing shrub use could be important for rural communities to adapt to changing climate and shrub cover and for the livestock industry to adapt to predicted growth.

}, keywords = {cattle, goats, grasslands, secondary plant metabolites, sheep, woody plants}, url = {/files/bibliography/14-009.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and Kris Havstad and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and D.M. Anderson and Scott T. Schrader} } @article {JRN53927, title = {Is differential use of Juniperus monosperma by small ruminants driven by terpenoid concentration}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology}, volume = {40}, year = {2014}, month = {02/2014}, pages = {285-293}, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

We examined the relationship between volatile plant secondary metabolite concentrations and Juniperus monosperma herbivory by small ruminants. Two groups of animals (10 goats or 5 goats plus 4 sheep) browsed 16 paddocks (20 x 30 m) containing one-seed juniper for six days during two seasons. Juniper leaves were sampled from 311 saplings on the same day they were browsed. Saplings were categorized by size (short [\< 0.5 m], medium [0.5-1.0 m] or tall [\> 1.0 m]) and browsing intensity (light [\< 33\%], moderate [33-66\%] or heavy [\> 66\%]). Juniper bark was also collected from 12 saplings during spring. Total estimated terpenoid concentrations in leaves and bark were 18.3 \± 0.3 and 8.9 \± 0.8 mg/g, respectively, and the dominant terpene in both tissues was a-pinene (11.1 \± 0.2 and 7.6 \± 0.7 mg/g, respectively). Total terpenoid concentration was greater (P \< 0.001) in spring than summer (20.6 \± 0.5 vs. 16.7 \± 0.3 mg/g, respectively) and lower (P \< 0.001) in short saplings than medium or tall saplings (16.5 \± 0.6 vs. 19.8 \± 0.4 and 19.5 \± 0.4 mg/g, respectively). Total concentration also differed (P \< 0.001) among the three defoliation categories (16.1 \± 0.4, 18.7 \± 0.5, and 21.2 \± 0.6 mg/g for heavy, moderate, and light, respectively). The smallest subset of terpenes able to discriminate (P \< 0.001) between heavy and light browsing intensity categories included eight compounds ([E]-\ß-farnesene, bornyl acetate, \&$\#$39;-eudesmol, endo-fenchyl acetate, y-cadinene, a-pinene, cis-piperitol, and cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol).

}, keywords = {goats, herbivory, one-seed juniper, Oxygenated terpenes, Resource availability hypothesis, sheep, targeted grazing, terpenes}, doi = {10.1007/s10886-014-0389-1}, url = {/files/bibliography/14-006.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and S. A. Utsumi and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and D.M. Anderson} } @proceedings {JRN53998, title = {Relationship between one-seed juniper terpene concentration and herbivory by small ruminants}, volume = {91}, year = {2013}, month = {07/2013}, pages = {553}, publisher = {Journal of Animal Science}, address = {Indianapolis, IN}, abstract = {

Plant secondary metabolite affect the amount of use by herbivores for serveral woody species.\  We examined the relationship between terpenoid concentrations and Juniperus monosperma herbivory by small ruminants.\  The study was part of a larger effort in which goats (n = 10) or mixed species (5 goats and 4 sheep) were allotted to 16 plots (20 \× 30 m) containing one-seed juniper for 6 d during 2 seasons at 2 stocking rates. Juniper leaves were sampled from 311 saplings on the same day they were browsed. Saplings were categorized by size (small [\<0.5 m], medium [0.5-1.0 m] or tall [\>1.0 m]) and browsing intensity (low [\<33\%], moderate [33-66\%] or heavy [\>66\%] herbivory). Juniper bark was also collected from 12 saplings during spring. Leaves and bark were analyzed for terpenoids with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Terpene data were pooled across species and stocking rate and ANOVA was conducted for season, sapling size, and herbivory level. The volatile profile of one-seed juniper leaves and bark consisted of 65 and 55 compounds, respectively. Total estimated terpenoid concentrations in leaves and bark were 18.3 \± 0.3 and 8.9 \± 0.8 mg/g, respectively, and the dominant terpene in both tissues was \α-pinene (11.1 \± 0.2 and 7.6 \± 0.7 mg/g, respectively). Total terpenoid concentration was greater (P \< 0.001) in spring than summer (20.6 \± 0.5 vs. 16.7 \± 0.3 mg/g, respectively) and lower (P \< 0.001) in small saplings than medium or tall saplings (16.5 \± 0.6 vs. 19.8 \± 0.4 and 19.5 \± 0.4 mg/g, respectively). Total concentration also differed (P \< 0.001) among all 3 browsing categories (16.1 \± 0.4, 18.7 \± 0.5, and 21.2 \± 0.6 mg/g for heavy, moderate, and light herbivory, respectively). Approximately 42\% of the variation in browsing intensity could be explained (P \< 0.001) by 12 compounds ([E]-\β-farnesene, cis-sabinene hydrate, bornyl acetate, \γ-eudesmol, germacrene A, \γ-cadinene, \α-pinene, [Z]-\β-ocimene, terpin-4-ol, cispiperitol, cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol, and camphene hydrate). Our results indicate that the terpene profile of one-seed juniper is related to sapling size, season, and degree of use by sheep and goats.

}, keywords = {goat, sheep, terpene}, author = {Richard E. Estell and S. A. Utsumi and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and D.M. Anderson} } @article {49867, title = {Effects of adding protein, condensed tannins, and polyethylene glycol to diets of sheep and goats fed one-seed juniper and low quality roughage}, journal = {Small Ruminant Research}, volume = {112}, year = {2013}, month = {04/2013}, pages = {56-68}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

The biochemical mechanisms that limit voluntary intake of one-seed juniper by browsing ruminants are not well understood. Twelve Rambouillet ewes (78 \± 2.3 kg BW) and 12 Boer-Spanish does (54 \± 1.4 kg BW) were used in a split-plot sequence design to investigate the effects of adding protein, quebracho tannins (QTs), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on one-seed juniper intake and preference and on ruminal VFA and plasma AA concentrations. Animals received sudangrass hay and isoenergetic basal diets (4 does and 4 ewes/diet) with either rumen degradable (RDP) or rumen undegradable (RUP) protein (12.5\% CP) or no additional protein (control, 5\% CP) during four 15-d periods. The control, RDP, and RUP diets were considered the main plot, whereas the four supplement treatments were analyzed as the split-plot effects. Period 1 allowed for adaptation to basal diets and served as a baseline phase. In periods 2-4, animals were offered juniper leaves and twigs (period 2), juniper plus QT (10\% of basal diet; period 3), and juniper plus QT plus PEG (50 g/animal; period 4). Juniper intake by sheep and goats was not affected (P \> 0.88) by RDP or RUP when animals were first exposed to juniper, but marginally increased (P \< 0.10) in period 4 (QT + PEG) regardless of the basal diet. Prior exposure to juniper did not affect (P = 0.61) the preference ratio for juniper, but goats had higher preference ratio for juniper (P \< 0.01) when receiving PEG (period 4). Concentrations of total VFA tended to increase in sheep (P = 0.10) and goats (P = 0.14) fed protein supplements and molar proportions shifted toward acetate for goats fed RDP and RUP (P = 0.07) and to butyrate for sheep fed RDP (P = 0.01). Initial juniper exposure (period 2) elevated concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butyrate (P \< 0.01), but the effect was extinguished in periods 3 and 4 with addition of QT (P \< 0.05). Supplementation with PEG transiently mitigated the depressor effect of QT on acetate, propionate, and butyrate concentration at 12 h post juniper feeding (P \< 0.01). RDP in goats and to a greater extent RUP in sheep increased plasma concentrations of various AA, especially the branched chained Val, Ile, and Leu (P \< 0.05). Plasma concentrations of several AA, including Met, Cyst, Glu, Gly, Gln, Asn, Thr, Ser, and Phe, decreased with ingestion of juniper (period 2) and juniper plus QT (period 3). Concentrations of some AA that were depressed by ingestion of juniper and QT were partially restored with supplemental PEG (P \< 0.05). Protein, terpenes, tannins, and PEG interacted to influence rumen VFA and plasma AA, which were related to intake of juniper and basal diets.

}, keywords = {goats, juniper, rumen degradabe protein, rumen undegradable protein, sheep, terpenes}, doi = {10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.09.006}, url = {/files/bibliography/13-012.pdf}, author = {S. A. Utsumi and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and Richard E. Estell and S. Soto-Navarro and Cheng, L. and Hallford, D.M.} } @article {49882, title = {Increasing shrub use by livestock in a world with less grass}, journal = {Rangeland Ecology and Management}, volume = {65}, year = {2012}, month = {11/2012}, pages = {553-562}, chapter = {553}, abstract = {

Much of the world\&$\#$39;s rangelands are dominated by woody species. Competing land uses and continued encroachment of woody species into non-woody dominated rangelands have reduced grasslands in many parts of the world. Land use conversions to fuel and feed global populations, especially for increasing numbers of middle class people seeking broader, meat-based diets, will certainly continue. Halting and/or reversing further encroachment of woody species into grasslands is slow, expensive, and in some cases, not possible. Yet, global livestock numbers continue to increase to meet the growing demand for red meat and other livestock products. How do we reconcile a world with less grass and the concurrent increased demand for forages to feed livestock, either in extensive rangeland production systems or intensive confined feeding systems? Strategies and mechanisms are needed to safely enhance shrub use by ruminants in order to capitalize on a presently underutilized forage resource. Such strategies could provide important means for rural communities to adapt to changing land cover and climate.

}, keywords = {animal behavior, cattle, genetics, goats, plant secondary metabolites, sheep}, doi = {10.2111/REM-D-11-00124.1}, url = {/files/bibliography/12-031.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and Kris Havstad and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and Scott T. Schrader and D. K. James} } @article {JRN54552, title = {Effect of supplementing activated charcoal on the intake of honey mesquite leaves by lambs}, journal = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {90 (Suppl. 3) }, year = {2012}, month = {07/2012}, chapter = {p. 148}, abstract = {A study was conducted to determine if intake of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.) leaves by sheep could be increased by supplementing activated charcoal at 0.0, 0.33, 0.67 or 1.00 g / kg of body weight. Twenty wether lambs (36.6 {\textpm} 0.6 kg) were randomly assigned to the 4 treatment levels. Lambs were fed low-quality Sudan-grass hay at 2\% of BW plus 80 g/d of molasses for 7 d, and Sudan-grass hay at 1.9\% of BW plus 80 g/d of molasses mixed with the assigned level of activated charcoal for 16 d (d 8 to 23). On d 8 to 23, lambs were also given ad libitum access to honey mesquite leaves that had been previously harvested, frozen, and thawed immediately before feeding. Repeated measures analyses were used to determine if level of activated charcoal fed to lambs affected daily intake of mesquite leaves. No differences (P = 0.52) in intake of mesquite leaves were detected. Mean intake of mesquite leaves was 20.7 {\textpm} 3.7, 23.8 {\textpm} 3.8, 20.2 {\textpm} 3.7, and 27.3 {\textpm} 3.7 g/d for 0.0, 0.33, 0.67 and 1.0 treatment levels, respectively. Consumption of mesquite leaves varied greatly among lambs, ranging from 1.4 to 7.4\% of their diet during the last 8 d of the study. No differences in hay intake (P = 0.23) or lamb weight gain (P = 0.58) were detected among supplemental charcoal treatments. Future studies examining the consumption of honey mesquite leaves by sheep should consider the potential variability in intake among individual animals.}, keywords = {rangeland, secondary compounds, sheep}, url = {files/bibliography/12-JAS-Mayagoitia-Gonzalez.pdf}, author = {P. E. Mayagoitia-Gonzalez and C. Donovan Bailey and Richard E. Estell} } @proceedings {50010, title = {Characterizing foraging patterns among cattle and bonded and non- bonded small ruminants using spatial point process techniques}, year = {2010}, month = {2010}, pages = {12-35}, publisher = {Kansas State University}, address = {Manhattan, Kansas}, abstract = {

Two mixed-species livestock groups were monitored while foraging on 410 ha of brush-infested Southern New Mexico rangeland during July and August 1988. The groups consisted of crossbred Bos taurus and Bos indicus beef cattle with white-faced sheep (Ovis aries) and mohair goats (Capra hircus).\  The bonded group consisted of small ruminants that had their behaviours modified through socialization with cattle to form a flerd in which small ruminants consistently remained near cattle.\  Small ruminants in the non-bonded group had not been socialized with cattle.\  A subset of animal location data measured during the morning over five days for both the bonded and non-bonded groups was analyzed for spatial patterns.\  Only data for five morning periods (0700-0800 h) are reported because morning and afternoon spatial patterns were similar.\  Distance measures and Monte Carlo simulations for spatial point processes were used to analyze the data.\  Results suggested bonded and non-bonded groups were similar in spatial patterns of intra-specific distances for both cattle and small ruminants.\  However, bonding changed the repulsive relationship observed between cattle and non-bonded small ruminants stocked together to one of inter-specific attraction.\  Bonded small ruminants remained close to and formed inter-specific clusters with cattle.\  In addition, the mean number of bonded small ruminants near an arbitrary cow was consistently high.\  Finally, the spatial pattern of cattle across the paddock did not differ between bonded and non-bonded groups, while bonded small ruminants tended to disperse slightly more uniformly across the paddock than did non-bonded small ruminants. These findings suggest paddock utilization may be positively influenced using flerds compared to flocks and herds.

}, keywords = {animal disribution, animal locations, cattle, flerds, goats, mixed-species stocking, sheep}, url = {/files/bibliography/10-046.pdf}, author = {D.M. Anderson and Murray, Leight M. and Sun, P. and E.L. Fredrickson and Richard E. Estell and V.B. Nakamatsu} } @article {50026, title = {Measurement of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in serum, plasma, and rumen fluid from sheep}, journal = {Animal Feed Science and Technology}, volume = {158}, year = {2010}, pages = {104-109}, abstract = {Studies involving the consumption, metabolism, and elimination of terpenes by small ruminants consuming terpene-laden shrubs as well as those exploring the potential for natural products as rumen modifiers could benefit from a procedure that measures terpenes in both blood and rumen fluid and that is suitable for either serum or plasma. The objective of this study was to modify an existing procedure for plasma utilizing solid phase extraction/gas chromatography, and extend its use for measurement of structurally diverse mono- and sesquiterpenes in three fluids (serum, plasma, and rumen fluid) from sheep. Generally, terpene recovery was lower from rumen fluid than from serum or plasma, although the extent and direction of differences varied among chemicals. Fourteen terpenes (camphene, {\ss}-pinene, a-terpinene, p-cymene, cis-{\ss}-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, {\textquoteright}-terpinene, terpinolene, linalool, camphor, longifolene, {\ss}-caryophyllene, a-humulene, and caryophyllene oxide) were recovered from serum at approximately 100\%. Recovery from rumen fluid was lower than for serum or plasma for most terpenes, but eight terpenes (p-cymene, 1,8-cineole, cis-sabinene hydrate, terpinolene, borneol, terpin-4-ol, a-terpineol, and caryophyllene oxide) were recovered at near 100\%. Yet, 15 terpene recoveries were below 75\% (tricyclene, a-pinene, camphene, sabinene, {\ss}-pinene, myrcene, 2-carene, 3-carene, a-terpinene, cis-{\ss}-ocimene, limonene, {\textquoteright}-terpinene, longifolene, {\ss}-caryophyllene, and a-humulene). Oxygenated monoterpenes were typically recovered in greater quantities and hydrocarbon monoterpenes were least effectively recovered with this method. The procedure is suitable for measurement and recovery adjustment of terpenes from serum, plasma, and rumen fluid of sheep.}, keywords = {plasma, recovery, rumen fluid, ruminants, serum, sheep, shrub, terpene}, url = {/files/bibliography/10-04.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and S. A. Utsumi and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils} } @article {50150, title = {Seasonal changes in one seed juniper intake by sheep and goats in relation to dietary protein and plant secondary metabolites}, journal = {Small Ruminant Research}, volume = {81}, year = {2009}, month = {2009/02/19}, pages = {152-162}, abstract = {Seasonal variation in plant secondary metabolites (PSM) can influence voluntary intake levels of one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma Englem. Sarg.) of sheep and goats. Supplemental nutrients could mitigate the deterrent effects of juniper PSM. We determined the concentration of mono-and sesqui- terpenes, total phenolics and condensed tannins in one-seed juniper leaves in summer, fall, winter, and spring, and tested their effects on juniper intake of 12 Western White Face ewes (74.9 {\textpm} 1.23 kg) and 12 Boer-Spanish does (46.7 {\textpm} 1.25 kg) fed isoenergetic diets (1.6\% BW) with no supplemental protein (Control, 5\% CP) or with addition of a rumen degradable (RDP, 12.5\% CP) or undegradable (RUP, 12.5\% CP) protein supplement. Animals were fed unrestricted amounts of freshly harvested juniper branches for 30 min and short-term juniper intake was determined for 10 d per season. Total terpenes, total phenolics, and condensed tannins varied across seasons (P<0.05), and were positively correlated to each other (P<0.05). Juniper intake was greater for goats than sheep (P<0.05), and twice as high for supplemented vs. control animals (P<0.05). Juniper intake in the fall, when levels of plant secondary metabolites were highest, was 41, 58, and 52\% less than in summer, winter, and spring (P<0.05), respectively. Supplements with RDP and RUP promoted different patterns of juniper intake among seasons (P<0.05), herbivores (P<0.05), and individual animals (P<0.05). This study suggests that supplemental protein can increase voluntary intake of one-seed juniper of small ruminants during seasons when plant secondary metabolite levels are low. Proteins of different degradability appear to affect seasonal patterns of juniper intake differently.}, keywords = {goats, journal, juniper, protein supplements, ruminant, secondary metabolites, sheep}, url = {/files/bibliography/09-006.pdf}, author = {S. A. Utsumi and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and Richard E. Estell and S. Soto-Navarro and D. VanLeeuwen} } @conference {50292, title = {Effects of one-seed juniper and polyethylene glycol on intake, rumen fermentation, and plasma amino acids in sheep and goats fed supplemental protein and tannins.}, booktitle = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {86}, number = {(E-Supple. 2)}, year = {2008}, month = {July 7, 2008}, pages = {224}, abstract = {We tested the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on juniper and total intake, rumen fermentation, and plasma amino acids (AA) of 12 does and 12 ewes fed sudangrass and basal diets containing 10\% quebracho tannins with no protein supplement (Control; 5\% CP) or high rumen degradable (RDP 15\% CP) or undegradable (RUP 15\% CP) protein supplement. After 15 days of exposure to non-restrictive amounts of juniper leaves, sudangrass, and basal diets (period 1), animals received an additional 50 g of PEG for a second 15-d period. Blood and ruminal fluid samples were collected on the last 2 d of each period to determine AA and VFA ({\textmu}M). Analyses followed a split-plot design with periods with or without PEG treated as a sub-plot factor. Juniper intake did not differ between species (P > 0.05) or supplements (P > 0.05), but increased with addition of PEG in period 2 (Period 1 vs. 2: 4.3 vs. 10.8 g/kg 0.75; P < 0.01). Total intake and intake of sudangrass and basal diets were higher for sheep than goats (P < 0.01) and differed between supplements and periods (supplement x period, P < 0.05). Polyethylene glycol stimulated higher intakes of basal diet for Control and RDP, and of sudangrass for RUP. Total VFA was higher for sheep than goats (P < 0.05) and decreased from period 1 to period 2 with supplemental PEG in sheep (70.6 vs. 62.1; species x period, P < 0.05) and with RDP (67.3 vs. 58.6; supplement x period, P < 0.05). Acetate and propionate differed between periods with or without PEG in the same manner as total VFA. Total AA and some individual AA differed between species (sheep > goats), supplements (RUP = RDP > Control), and periods (P < 0.05). Increased juniper intake with PEG in period 2 was associated with lower plasma GLY, THR, SER, ASP, MET, GLU, PHE, CYST, GLN, ORN, LYS, HIS, and TRP. Polyethylene glycol increased juniper intake and decreased several plasma AA when tannin-rich foods with varying CP were fed.}, keywords = {abstract, goats, one-seed juniper, polyethylene glycol, rumen, sheep}, author = {S. A. Utsumi and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and Richard E. Estell and S. Soto-Navarro and Hallford, D.M.} } @conference {50290, title = {Effects of one-seed juniper on intake, rumen fermentation, and plasma amino acids in sheep and goats fed supplemental protein}, booktitle = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {86}, number = {E-supple. 2}, year = {2008}, month = {July 7, 2008}, pages = {223}, abstract = {We tested the effect of feeding one-seed juniper on total intake, VFA profile, and plasma amino acids (AA) of 12 does and 12 ewes fed sudangrass and a basal diet with no protein supplement (Control; 5\% CP) or rumen degradable (SBM; RDP 15\% CP) or undegradable (FM; RUP 15\% CP) protein supplement. After 15 d of adaptation to sudangrass and basal diets (period 1), animals received one-seed juniper leaves in addition to sudangrass and basal diets during a second 15-d period. Each food was fed separately during 3-h periods at 10\% of previous day intake. Blood and ruminal fluid samples were collected on the last 2 d of each period to determine plasma AA, VFA ({\textmu}M), and rumen pH. Analyses followed a split-plot design with periods with or without juniper as a sub-plot factor. Juniper intake did not vary between species (P = 0.54) or supplement treatments (P = 0.93; 4.7 g/kg0.75). Total intake (TI), basal diet intake (BDI), and sudangrass intake (SGI) were unaffected by supplements, were higher for sheep than goats (P < 0.01), and decreased with juniper feeding in period 2 (P < 0.01). Total intake, BDI, and SGI for periods 1 and 2 were 54.9 vs. 47.6, 36.7 vs. 31.5, and 18.2 vs. 11.5 g/kg0.75, respectively. Total VFA, acetate (Ac), and propionate (Pr) increased with juniper in period 2 (P < 0.01; period 1 vs. 2, VFA: 63.9 vs. 79.4; Ac: 47.5 vs. 60.5; Pr: 9.3 vs. 11.7). Rumen pH averaged 6.4 and did not differ between supplements, species, or periods. Total AA and some individual AA differed between supplements (RUP = RDP > Control), species (goats > sheep), and decreased with juniper feeding in period 2 (P < 0.05). Juniper intake in period 2 was associated with decreased plasma ALA, GLY, THR, SER, ASP, MET, GLU, PHE, CYST, TYR, and TRP. These data suggest one-seed juniper in sheep and goat diets depresses intake, but may increase VFA and requirements for certain amino acids.}, keywords = {abstract, goats, juniper, one-seed, sheep}, author = {S. A. Utsumi and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and Richard E. Estell and S. Soto-Navarro and Hallford, D.M.} } @article {50327, title = {Effects of Eugenol, Alpha-Terpineol, Terpin-4-ol, and methyl eugenol on consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep}, journal = {Small Ruminant Research}, volume = {73}, year = {2007}, month = {Septembe 10, 200}, pages = {272-276}, abstract = {Many secondary compounds are typically present in unpalatable shrubs on rangelands in the western United States. However, the relationship between intake by livestock and concentration of individual chemicals has been examined for very few of these compounds. Four experiments were conducted to examine effects of individual volatile compounds on intake of alfalfa pellets by lambs. Forty-five lambs (9 lambs/treatment) were individually fed alfalfa pellets with eugenol, {\textquoteright}-terpineol, terpin-4-ol, or methyl eugenol applied at one of five concentrations in an ethanol carrier. Treatments were multiples (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 10X) of the concentration (X) of each compound on the leaf surface of Flourensia cernua. Treatment solutions were sprayed on alfalfa pellets (0.64 kg.lamb-1.d-1, DM basis), and consumption was measured during a 20-min interval for five days. A day effect (P < 0.001 for both linear and quadratic contrasts) was detected for intake in all four experiments, but no day x treatment interactions were observed (P > 0.05). The day effect was generally due to lower intake on day 1, except for the methyl eugenol experiment, in which lambs consumed more pellets on day 1. No treatment effects were observed (P > 0.05) for any of the four chemicals tested; thus, eugenol, {\textquoteright}-terpineol, terpin-4-ol, and methyl eugenol were not related to intake of alfalfa pellets by lambs under the conditions of this study.}, keywords = {diet selection, Herviory, intake, sheep, terpenes}, url = {/files/bibliography/07-026.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and M.D. Remmenga} } @article {50379, title = {Influence of secondary compound complementarity and species diversity on consumption of Mediterranean shrubs by sheep}, journal = {Applied Animal Behavior Science}, volume = {107}, year = {2007}, month = {September 7, 200}, pages = {58-65}, abstract = {Generalist herbivores foraging in chemically diverse grazing ecosystems like the Mediterranean maquis increase intake on mixed diets, suggesting they are more able to meet nutritional needs and avoid toxicosis. Thus, our objectives were to determine how shrub species diversity and complementary interactions between tannins and saponins influence intake of Mediterranean shrubs by sheep. We conducted four experiments comparing intake of mixtures of Mediterranean shrub mixtures varying in number of species and/or principal class of secondary compound (tannins or saponins) by sheep (n = 12). Sheep consumed more total foliage (P < 0.01) when offered a high-tannin shrub (Pistacia lentiscus; Exp. 1), two high-tannin shrubs (Pistacia lentiscus and Arbutus unedo; Exp.2), or three high-tannin shrubs (Pistacia lentiscus, Arbutus unedo, and Quercus ilex; Exp. 3) when fed in conjunction with a high-saponin shrub (Hedera helix) than with an equal number of high-tannin shrubs (20.94 vs. 16.32 g/kg BW; 28.76 vs. 20.77 g/kg BW, and 35.34 vs. 26.85 g/kg BW). Likewise, sheep ate more foliage (P < 0.01) of each individual shrub (Pistacia lentiscus, Arbutus unedo, and Quercus ilex) in the mixture when fed with Hedera helix than with an equal number of high-tannin shrubs (8.17 vs. 4.95 g/kg BW; 13.28 vs.10.68 g/kg BW, and 7.62 vs. 5.16 g/kg BW), suggesting a complementary interaction between tannins and saponins may have occurred. Sheep also appeared to increase total shrub intake as number of shrub species on offer increased, regardless of number of classes of compounds present. Our findings suggest that secondary compounds in Mediterranean shrubs (tannins and saponins) are complementary. Species diversity also plays an important role in diet selection, as plant species with different types and amounts of nutrients and phytotoxins may affect forage intake and animal production. This knowledge may be useful for livestock producers to capitalize on phytochemical interactions to improve performance of livestock foraging on Mediterranean shrublands.}, keywords = {consumption, diversity, herbivores, mediterranean, sheep}, url = {/files/bibliography/07-025.pdf}, author = {Rogosic, J. and Richard E. Estell and Skobic, D. and Stanic, S.} } @conference {50395, title = {One seed juniper intake by sheep and goats supplemented with degradable or by-pass protein}, booktitle = {Society for Range Management Meeting Proceedings}, year = {2007}, month = {February 9-16, 2}, pages = {Paper No. 448}, address = {Reno/Sparks, NV}, abstract = {Successful prescribed grazing of one seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma Englem. Sarg.) with sheep and goats may depend on identifying times of the year when juniper terpenoid levels are less likely to deter herbivory and could be contingent on the use of protein supplements to help animals detoxify terpenes and boost intake. We conducted pen trials with sheep and goats to determine if individual juniper intake varied seasonally (summer, fall, winter, or spring) or was affected by the amount and kind of crude protein (CP) in the diet. Twelve Ramboullet ewes and 12 Spanish-boer goats were offered a basal diet of sudangrass or bermudagrass hay with either no protein added (Control diet: 5\% CP), or with soybean meal (degradable CP: DCP) or fishmeal (by-pass CP:BPCP) to achieve two treatment diets with 12.5\% CP each. Diets were offered at 1.6\% of body weight (BW) to each animal for 10 days of adaptation and 10 days of data collection in each season. Juniper trials were a 30 min feeding bout on juniper branches (175g) attached to wooden stands (0.8 m height). Juniper intake per unit of BW (J1) varied amoung herbivore species. J1 varied among diets (P=0.02) was highest for animals receiving the DCP and BPCP supplements and lowest for control animals. J1 also varied among seasons, intermediate in spring and summer, and lowest during the fall. Sheep and, especially, goats could be used in prescribed grazing programs to suppress juniper re-invasion. Great suppression could be expected from goats browsing during winter, provided that protein levels are sufficient to allow animals to detoxify terpenoids.}, keywords = {by-pass protein, goats, juniper, sheep}, author = {S. A. Utsumi and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and Richard E. Estell and S. Soto-Navarro} } @conference {50396, title = {Sheep and goats as tool to suppress juniper encroachment: Influence of stocking density and mixed grazing during summer}, booktitle = {Society for Range Management Annual Meeting}, year = {2007}, month = {February 9-16, 2}, pages = {Paper No. 447}, address = {Reno/Sparks, NV}, abstract = {Grazing trials were conducted to evaluate the use of prescribed grazing by sheep and goats to suppress one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma Englem. Sarg.) sapling reinvasion. A 2x2 factorial experiment was conducted with Goats (G) or Goats + Sheep (G+S) at high or low stocking densities (SD). Ten crossbreed Angora nannies (1.1 AU) or 5 nannies of the same breed mixed with 4 Ramboullet ewes (1.1 AU) grazed either 1 juniper invaded plot of 20 x 30 m for 6 days (LD) or 6 similar subplots of 10 x 10 m for 1 day (HD) in each of 2 blocks. Animals grazed from sunrise to sunset, were penned at night and received a protein supplement (45\% CP) at a rate of 0.4\% BW, daily. No effect of SD, herbivore (G, G+S), or their interaction was found on juniper utilization. Animals removed on average 38.3\% of the length of marked juniper sapling branches. Understory grazing intensity differed between G or G+S (P=0.02) and SD (P=0.05) treatments. G+S removed 71.3 \% of the available herbaceous biomass whereas G removed 64.7 \%. Greater understory grazing intensity was observed under LD (70.4 \%) compared to HD (65.0 \%). Goats spent more time feeding on juniper compared to sheep (Goats: 24.5\%, Sheep: 7.7\%, P<0.01), whereas the opposite occurred with herbaceous vegetation (Goats: 76.0 \%, Sheep: 92.3 \%; P< 0.01). Stocking density did not influence time spent feeding juniper or herbaceous understory (P=0.08). Goats in HD and LD grazing treatments spent similar time feeding on juniper (P=0.09). Prescribed high density grazing with goats alone, rather than goats and sheep, could promote acceptable juniper sapling use along with lower damage on herbaceous vegetation. Juniper sapling responses to the treatments imposed in this study will be monitored through time.}, keywords = {goats, grazing, one-seed juniper, sheep}, author = {S. A. Utsumi and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and Richard E. Estell} } @conference {50514, title = {One Seed Juniper Intake by Sheep and Goats Supplemented with Degradable or By-Pass Protein}, booktitle = {New Mexico Section Range Science Winter Meetings}, year = {2006}, month = {January 12-13, 2}, address = {Las Cruces, NM}, abstract = {Re-invasion of one seed juniper previously cleared woodlands is a concern of range managers throughout the southwestern United States. Prescribed browsing with sheep and goats could be used as a juniper control method. Success with this tool may depend on improving the herbivore{\textquoteright}s ability to detoxify plant terpenoids in order to induce levels of herbivory that are likely to suppress juniper growth and recruitment. Our objective was to test the effect of two kinds of protein supplementation on juniper consumption by sheep and goats. One seed juniper intake was compared in sheep and goats fed diets varying in amount and quality of crude protein during three seasons (summer, fall, and winter). Goats consumed significantly more juniper than ewes and protein supplements more than doubled juniper intake by both sheep and goats. Goats aggressively defoliated juniper branches, while sheep consumed leaves in a more selective manner. In summary, sheep and goats have potential for use to suppress juniper sapling encroachment. Goats consumed more juniper and protein supplements had a stronger influence on juniper intake of goats.}, keywords = {goats, juniper, protein, sheep}, author = {S. A. Utsumi and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and Richard E. Estell and S. Soto-Navarro and Ross, T.T. and S. Ivey and Giacomini, M. and M.K. Petersen and S.H. Cox and M. Rubio} } @conference {50511, title = {Sheep and goat grazing as a tool to mange encroachment of one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma Engelm. Sarg.)}, booktitle = {III Simposium Internacional de Pastizales}, year = {2006}, month = {August 9-11, 200}, pages = {13}, address = {Chihuahua, Mexico}, abstract = {The efficacy of using prescribed grazing by sheep and goats to suppress one-seed juniper re-invasion could be improved by providing adequate nutrients to help animals detoxify plant terpenes. We analyzed the terpenoid chemistry of one-seed juniper leaves and conducted feeding trials with 12 Ramboullet ewes and 12 Boer-Spanish nannies to determine if juniper intake (JI) varied seasonally (summer, fall or winter) or was affected by the amount and kind of crude protein (CP) available to detoxify terpenes. Diets were a sudangrass (Sorghum sudanensis) hay with either no protein added (Control diet: 5\% CP), or with soybean meal (degradable CP: DCP; 12.5\% CP) or fishmeal (by-pass CP: BPCP; 12.5\% CP). Juniper trials were conducted for 10 days in each season and consisted of a 30 min feeding bout on juniper branches (175g) attached to wooden stands (0.8 m height). Juniper leaves contained 51 terpenoids, 14 represented 95 \% of the total terpenoid amount, and {\'a}-pinene was the most abundant terpene (65\%). Juniper intake was greater for goats (0.54g kgBW-1) than Sheep (0.23g kgBW-1), and was higher for animals receiving the DCP (0.5g kgBW-1) and BPCP (0.41g kgBW-1) supplements than for control animals (0.25g kgBW-1). JI also varied among seasons (winter: 0.54g kgBW-1; summer: 0.38g kgBW-1; fall: 0.23g kgBW-1). Sheep and, especially, goats could be used in prescribed grazing programs to suppress juniper re-invasion. Greater suppression could be expected from goats browsing during winter, provided that protein levels are sufficient to allow them to detoxify terpenes efficiently.}, keywords = {goat, sheep, uniper}, author = {S. A. Utsumi and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils and Richard E. Estell and S. Soto-Navarro} } @conference {50529, title = {Directional Virtual Fencing (DVF{\texttrademark}) and flerds}, booktitle = {58th Annual Meeting Society for Range Management}, year = {2005}, month = {February 5, 2005}, address = {Fort Worth, Texas}, abstract = {Controlling free-ranging animals is among the most challenging jobs a producer faces when managing livestock. Combining a practical understanding of animal behavior with emerging technologies provides opportunities to autonomously control the temporal and spatial location of cattle and sheep on arid rangelands without conventional fencing. Flerd refers to a mixed species group of sheep (flock) and cattle (herd) in which sheep consistently remain within line-of-sight of cattle even when given the opportunity to remain only with peers. This atypical sheep behavior results from modifying sheep behavior, preferably at an early age, through a process called bonding. Using Directional Virtual Fencing (DVFTM), which delivers audio sound and/or electric shock cues to either the right or left side of a cow{\textquoteright}s head, it was possible to contain cattle behind an activated Virtual Boundary (VBTM) that defines the perimeter of a Virtual Paddock (VPTM) using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. Peer relationships among and between individual sheep affected flerd cohesiveness when combining bonded sheep with cows equipped with DVFTM devices. Preliminary results indicate three cows wearing DVFTM devices influenced the spatial location of 13 ewes and 1 wether.}, keywords = {cattle, Directional Virtual Fencing, flerds, free-ranging animals, sheep}, author = {D.M. Anderson and Nayak, P. and B. Nolen and E.L. Fredrickson and Richard E. Estell and C.S. Hale and Kris Havstad} } @article {50544, title = {Effect of previous exposure of sheep to monoterpene odors on intake of alfalfa pellets treated with camphor or alpha-pinene}, journal = {Small Ruminant Research}, volume = {58}, year = {2005}, note = {This is not a duplicate; ARIS No. 151564 has same title but is an abstract submitted for a meeting. }, month = {April 1, 2005}, pages = {33-38}, abstract = {Lambs were subjected to odors of two monoterpenes (camphor and alpha-pinene) that decreased intake in a previous study to determine if exposure during feeding modified their effects on subsequent intake. Two experiments were conducted using a split-plot design and with 36 ewe lambs (mean BW = 23.1 and 42.2 kg in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively) group-fed alfalfa pellets (3.8\% of BW, DM basis) in enclosed portable buildings for 2 h each morning for 56 d. Nine lambs were randomly assigned to each of four buildings, and 25 g of camphor (Exp. 1) or 50 ml of alpha-pinene (Exp. 2) were placed in a mesh-covered container in the center of the feeder in two buildings immediately before feeding. After the 8-wk exposure period (phase 1), lambs were individually fed alfalfa pellets (640 g, DM basis) for 20 min each morning for 10 d (5-d adaptation, 5-d collection) in a metabolism building (phase 2). Treatments were sprayed on alfalfa pellets at levels representing the concentration of that chemical in Flourensia cernua or at 10-fold that concentration. Controls received the ethanol carrier only. During phase 2, lambs were fed in three groups (n = 12), stratified such that one lamb from each building received each treatment in each group. Lambs were housed as one group and fed alfalfa pellets at 4.7\% of BW (DM basis) except during the 20-min tests. No interactions with day were detected for intake during adaptation or collection periods for either chemical (P > 0.05); therefore, data were pooled across day. Exposure to the volatile aroma for 8 wk had no effect on intake during the subsequent 10-d interval for either monoterpene (P > 0.05). Moreover, intake during the collection period was not affected by treatment concentration (P > 0.05). Neither concentration of the terpene applied to alfalfa pellets nor previous exposure to the volatile aroma from camphor or alpha-pinene altered feed intake under the conditions of this study.}, keywords = {herbivory, intake, monoterpenes, olfaction, sheep}, url = {/files/bibliography/05-022.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and Kris Havstad and M.D. Remmenga} } @article {50547, title = {Effects of gamma-terpinene, terpinolene, alpha-copaene, and alpha-terpinene on consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep}, journal = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {83}, year = {2005}, month = {August 15, 2005}, pages = {1967-1971}, abstract = {Although plant secondary chemistry influences shrub consumption by free-ranging ruminants, the effects of many specific compounds on herbivory have not been examined. We conducted four experiments to examine effects of individual terpenes on alfalfa pellet intake by lambs. Forty-five lambs (9 lambs/treatment) were individually fed alfalfa pellets sprayed with either gamma-terpinene, terpinolene, alpha-copaene, or alpha-terpinene at one of five concentrations in an ethanol carrier. Treatments (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 10X) were multiples of the concentration (X) of a specific terpene on the leaf surface of Flourensia cernua. Terpenes were applied to alfalfa pellets (0.64 kg.lamb-1.d-1, DM basis), and consumption was measured during a 20-min interval for 5 d. A day effect (P \< 0.02) was detected for gamma-terpinene on intake (P \< 0.0001 for both linear and quadratic contrasts). A treatment effect (P \< 0.02) was observed for alpha-copaene with intake on the 2X treatment lower than other treatments. No effect of terpinolene or alpha-terpinene on intake was detected in this study. None of the chemicals tested were strongly related to intake of alfalfa pellets by lambs under the conditions of this study. http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/83/8/1967}, keywords = {diet selection, herbivory, intake, sheep, terpenes}, url = {/files/bibliography/05-013.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and M.D. Remmenga} } @conference {50649, title = {Effects of {\~a}-terpinene, terpinolene, {\'a}-copaene, and {\'a}-terpinene on consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep}, booktitle = {2004 Joint Annual Meeting, American Dairy Science Association/American Society of Animal Science/Poultry Science Association}, volume = {Vol. 82 (Suppl. 1)}, year = {2004}, month = {July 25, 2004}, pages = {34}, publisher = {Journal of Animal Science}, organization = {Journal of Animal Science}, address = {St. Louis, MO}, abstract = {Secondary chemistry influences shrub consumption by free-ranging ruminants. However, effects of many specific terpenes on herbivory have not been examined. Four experiments were conducted to examine effects of individual terpenes on alfalfa pellet intake by lambs. Forty-five lambs (9 lambs/treatment) were individually fed alfalfa pellets sprayed with either {\~a}-terpinene, terpinolene, {\'a}-copaene, or {\'a}-terpinene at one of five concentrations in an ethanol carrier. Treatments (0, .5, 1, 2, and 10X) were multiples of the concentration (X) of a specific terpene on the leaf surface of Flourensia cernua. Terpenes were applied to alfalfa pellets (0.64 kg{\textperiodcentered}lamb-1{\textperiodcentered}d-1, DM basis), and consumption was measured during a 20-min interval for 5 d. Lambs were adapted to handling and individual pen feeding for 10 d and were maintained and fed alfalfa pellets in one group (except during 20-min tests) at a mean total daily intake of 3.9\% of BW (DM basis). A day effect (P <0.02) was detected for intake with {\~a}-terpinene (P <0.0001 for both linear and quadratic contrasts). A treatment effect (P <0.02) was observed for {\'a}-copaene, with intake on the 2X treatment lower than other treatments. No effect of terpinolene or {\'a}-terpinene on intake was observed during the 20-min interval. None of the chemicals tested were strongly related to intake of alfalfa pellets by lambs under the conditions of this study.}, keywords = {alfalfa pellet intake, intake, lambs, sheep, terpenes}, author = {Richard E. Estell and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and Kris Havstad and M.D. Remmenga} } @article {50859, title = {Effects of four mono- and sesquiterpenes on consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep}, journal = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {80}, number = {12}, year = {2002}, month = {December 1, 2002}, pages = {3301-3306}, abstract = {Effects of individual terpenes on alfalfa pellet intake by lambs were examined in four experiments. Forty-five lambs (9 lambs/treatment) were individually fed alfalfa pellets sprayed with either camphene, myrcene, caryophyllene oxide, or beta-pinene at one of five concentrations (one terpene per experiment). Treatments (0, .5, 1, 2, and 10X) were multiples of the concentration (X) of a specific terpene in tarbush. Terpenes were applied to alfalfa pellets (.64 kg.lamb-1.d-1, DM basis) and consumption wa measured during a 20-min interval for 5 d. Lambs were maintained and fed alfalfa pellets in one group (except during 20-min tests) at a mean total daily intake of 4.7\% of BW (DM basis). Camphene and caryophyllene oxide tended to decrease intake (linear contrasts were P = .0651 and P = .0504, respectively), while myrcene and beta-pinene exerted no effect on consumption of alfalfa pellets by lambs during the 20-min interval. Camphene and caryophyllene oxide may be involved in the differential herbivory of individual tarbush plants by livestock.}, keywords = {alfalfa pellets, consumption, individual terpenes, sheep}, doi = {10.2527/2002.80123301x}, url = {http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/80/12/3301}, author = {Richard E. Estell and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and Kris Havstad and M.D. Remmenga} } @article {50985, title = {Extracts of Flourensia cernua reduce consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {11}, year = {2001}, month = {November 1, 2001}, pages = {2275-2285}, abstract = {

Effects of three extracts (hexanes, ether and ethanol) from tarbush on intake of alfalfa pellets by lambs were examined in 2 experiments. Forty-five ewe lambs were fed 1 of 5 treatments for 5 days. Treatments were alfalfa pellets (CON) or alfalfa pellets plus ethanol carrier (CAR), hexanes extract (HEX), ether extract (ETH), or ethanol extract (ETOH). Extracts were applied to alfalfa pellets at the same concentration as in an equivalent amount of tarbush in experiment 1 and at 10-fold dilutions of that concentration in experiment 2. Treatments were isolated from 36 kg of tarbush leaves using a sequential extraction with hexanes, diethyl ether and 100\% ethanol. Extracts were obtained in batches (3 kg of leaves in 7 liters of solvent) with constant mixing (22 hr per solvent), filtered, solvents removed using a rotary evaporator and residue resuspended in ethanol. Lambs received 640 g of alfalfa pellets each morning and intake was monitored during a 20-min interval. In experiment 1, mean intake by lambs during the 20-min interval was 361, 393, 204, 212 and 228 g for CON, CAR, HEX, ETH and ETOH, respectively (SEM = 28.9). All 3 extracts decreased intake (P \< .0001) compared to CON or CAR. Intake did not differ among the 3 extracts (HEX, ETH and ETOH) nor between the 2 controls (CON and CAR). Mean intake did not differ among treatments in experiment 2 (468, 455, 389, 381 and 431 g for CON, CAR, HEX, ETH and ETOH, respectively; SEM = 30.5; P = .187). Because all 3 extracts decreased intake of alfalfa pellets at concentrations normally encountered in intact plants, several compounds are probably responsible for the low palatability and differential use of tarbush typically exhibited by livestock.

}, keywords = {alfalfa pellets, consumption, fluorensia cernua extracts, sheep}, doi = {10.1023/A:1012235121852}, url = {/files/bibliography/01-021.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and M.R. Tellez and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and Kris Havstad and M.D. Remmenga} } @article {50987, title = {Pen confinement of yearling ewes with cows or heifers for 14 days to produce bonded sheep}, journal = {Small Ruminant Research}, volume = {40}, year = {2001}, month = {June 1, 2001}, pages = {291-297}, abstract = {

Mixed species stocking uses forage resources more efficiently when compared to single species stocking, especially in pastures having complex assemblages of forage species. When mixed species (sheep and cattle) remain consistently as a cohesive group (flerd), predation risks are lessened and fencing and herding costs are reduced. To maintain a cohesive egroup, a 30-day bonding period is recommended in which young sheep and bovine pairs are penned together. This research tested if pen confinement can be reduced from 30 to 14 days, reducing feed, labor and overhead costs. Sixteen mature cows (7 to 8 years of age) and 16 9-month-old heifers were randomly paired with 1 of 32 yearling ewe lambs. Eight cow/ewe (PC) and eight heifer/ewe (PH) pairs were maintained individually in 2mx6m pens for 14 days. The other eight-cow/ewe (NC) and heifer/ewe (NH) pairs were separated by species with each species maintained on separate pastures for 14-day period. After 14 days, pairs were released in observation paddocks and separation distances between treatment pairs were measured during a 30-minute open field test. Separation distance did not differ (P=0.973) between the PC and PH treatments; however, separation distance for NC vs NH, NC versus PC, and NH vs PH all differed. Mean separation distance (meters) and standard errors were 40+/-3.9, 3+/-0.3, 76+/-5.3, and 4+/-1.4 for CH, PH, CC and PC treatments, respectively. Previously penned animals spent more time grazing and less time walking than nonpenned animals. Cow age was not found important in establishing a bond. These data suggest that an interspecific bond using pen confinement can be formed within 14 days, representing 53\% savings in time and associated costs when compared to confinement lasting 30 days.

}, keywords = {beef cattle, bonded sheep, bonding, cows, heifers, Mixed species stocking, Multispecies stocking, pen confinement, sheep, yearling ewes}, doi = {10.1016/S0921-4488(01)00183-3}, url = {/files/bibliography/01-022.pdf}, author = {E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and Richard E. Estell and Kris Havstad and Shupe, W. Larry and M.D. Remmenga} } @article {51068, title = {Effect of individual terpenes on consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep}, journal = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {78}, number = {6}, year = {2000}, month = {June 1, 2000}, pages = {1636-1640}, abstract = {

We examined effects of five individual terpenes on alfalfa pellet intake of lambs. In each experiment, 45 lambs were individually fed alfalfa pellets sprayed with either p-cymene, alpha-humulene, 1,8-cineole, 3-carene, or sabinene at one of five concentrations. Treatment levels (0, .5, 1, 2, and 10X) were multiples of the concentrations (X) of specific terpenes in tarbush that were related to differential herbivory by livestock in previous studies. Treatments were applied to alfalfa pellets (.64 kg/lamb/d, DM basis), and consumption during a 20-min interval was measured for 5 d. Lambs were adapted to handling and pen feeding for 10 d, and were maintained and fed alfalfa pellets in one group (except during 20-min tests) at a mean total daily intake of 4.7\% of BW (DM basis). None of the five compounds examined decreased pellet consumption during the 20-min interval. These five mono- and sesquiterpenes do not appear to be responsible for differential herbivory of individual tarbush plants by livestock.

}, keywords = {alfalfa pellets, herbivory, individual terpenes, lambs, sheep}, url = {/files/bibliography/00-008.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and Kris Havstad and M.D. Remmenga} } @conference {51067, title = {Fluorensia cernua extracts decrease intake of alfalfa pellets by sheep}, booktitle = {2000 Joint Meeting, American Society of Animal Science/American Dairy Science Association}, volume = {78}, number = {Suppl. 1}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {113}, publisher = {Journal of Animal Science}, organization = {Journal of Animal Science}, abstract = {

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of 3 extracts (hexane, ether and ethanol) isolated from tarbush on intake of alfalfa pellets by sheep. In each of 2 experiments, 45 ewe lambs received 1 of 5 treatments for 5 d. Treatments were alfalfa pellets (CON) or alfalfa pellets plus ethanol carrier (CAR), hexane extract (HEX), ether extract (ETH) or ethanol extract t(ETOH). Treatments were isolated from tarbush leaves (36 kg) using a sequential extraction of hexane, diethyl ether and 100\% ethanol. Extractions (3 kg of leaves in 7 L of solvent, constant mixing, 22 h per solvent) were filtered, solvents removed using a rotary evaporator and resuspended in ethanol. Lambs were offered 640 g of alfalfa pellets (DM basis) and intake was monitored during a 20-min interval each morning. Extracts were applied to alfalfa pellets at the same concentration as in tarbush in Exp. 1, and at 10-fold dilutions in Exp. 2. Lambs were adapted to handling and individual pen feeding for 10 d and maintained and fed alfalfa pellets (4.7\% of BW, DM basis) as one group except during 20-min tests. All 3 extracts reduced intake by lambs in Exp. 1 ( P \< .0001) compared to CON or CAR. Mean intake during the 20-min period was 361, 393, 204, 212 and 228 g for CON, CAR, HEX, ETH and ETOH, respectively (SEM=28.9). Intake did not differ between CON and CAR, nor among HEX, ETH and ETOH. Mean intake in Exp. 2 was not different (468, 455, 389, 381 and 431 g for CON, CAR, HEX, ETH and ETOH, respectively; SEM =30.5; P =.187). Three fractions containing mixtures of compounds of increasing polarity were equally effective in decreasing intake of alfalfa pellets at concentrations encountered in intact tarbush plants; thus, several compounds are probably involved in the low palatability of this shrub exhibited by livestock.

}, keywords = {alfalfa pellets, extracts, Fluorensia cernua, intake, sheep, tarbush, treatments}, author = {Richard E. Estell and M.R. Tellez and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and Kris Havstad and M.D. Remmenga} } @article {51212, title = {Effects of volatile compounds on consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep}, journal = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {76}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {228-233}, abstract = {

We examined the effects of six volatile compounds on alfalfa pellet consumption by lambs. In each experiment, 45 lambs were individually fed alfalfa pellets sprayed with a selected compound (camphor, limonene, cts-jasmone, {\^a} -caryophyllene, borneol, or -pinene) at one of five concentrations. Treatment concentrations were multiples (0, .5, 1, 2, and 10) of the concentration of a specific compound (X) that was related to differential herbivory of tarbush by livestock in previous studies. Treatments were applied to alfalfa pellets (.64 kg-lamb^-d"1, DM basis), and consumption was measured during a 20-min interval each morning for 5 d. Lambs were adapted to handling procedures and the pelleted diet (without treatments) for 10 d, Lambs were maintained and fed (approximately 4.5 to 5\% of BW as one group except during 20-min tests. A negative linear effect of treatment concentrations on intake was observed for camphor (P \<.02) -pinene (P\< .01), and a quadratic response was detected for borneol (P \<.02). The other three compounds had no discernible effect on consumption. Although volatile compounds generally had only minor influences on consumption, the negative influences of -pinene and camphor concentrations on pellet consumption suggest that these monoterpenes may partially explain differential herbivory of individual tarbush plants by livestock.

}, keywords = {diets, intake, sheep, terpenoids}, doi = {10.2527/1998.761228x}, url = {/files/bibliography/609.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and E.L. Fredrickson and M.R. Tellez and Kris Havstad and Shupe, W. Larry and D.M. Anderson and M.D. Remmenga} } @article {51276, title = {Effects of ruminant digestion on germination of Lehmann lovegrass seed}, journal = {Journal of Range Management}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, note = {Permission to post articles granted by the Society for Range Management; www.rangelands.org.}, month = {January 1, 1997}, pages = {20-26}, abstract = {

Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees) seed (germination 96\%, dormant 0\%) was used in 4 experiments to study the potential of sheep as a dispersal agent. Five, 4-year-old, ruminally cannulated wethers were used to examine effects of ruminant digestion on seed recovery and germination. All wethers were ruminally evacuated, and rumens were cleansed and reinoculated with strained ruminal fluid. After a 21-day adaptation to pelleted alfalfa, 4 experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 was designed to test viability of Lehmann lovegrass seeds exposed to ruminal and postruminal digestion. Lehmann lovegrass seed (10 g) was dosed intra-ruminally via ruminal fistula, and total fecal collections made. Of the viable seed ruminally dosed, 37\% germinated within 21 days after recovery. Also, 98 to 100\% of the seed that germinated was recovered within 72 hours of dosing. Experiment 2 was designed to test the influence of ruminal microbial digestion on seed degradation and viability, using in sacco nylon bag techniques. In sacco dry matter disappearance increased linearly from 5.5\% at 3 hours of incubation to 16 \% at 120 hours. Germination of seed was not greatly affected until after 72 hours of ruminal incubation. Experiment 3 was designed to examine the effect of mastication on viability of Lehmann lovegrass seeds. Seeds were mixed with seed-free Lehmann lovegrass straw in a proportion of 1 to 10 (seed to straw) and 10 g fed to each wether. Boli were recovered manually via ruminal fistula. Thirty five percent of the seed fed entered the rumen without damage due to mastication. Experiment 4 compared in vitro techniques and in sacco techniques used to estimate the effect of digestion on seed viability. In vitro incubation techniques yielded similar results as in sacco techniques. We conclude that ruminants are potential disseminating agents of Lehmann lovegrass seed.

}, keywords = {Eragrostis lehmanniana, in vitro digestibility, introduced species, mastication, rumen fermentation, seed dispersal, Seed germination, seeds, selective grazing, sheep, sheep dung}, doi = {10.2307/4002700 }, url = {/files/bibliography/582.pdf}, author = {E.L. Fredrickson and Richard E. Estell and Kris Havstad and Ksiksi, T. and VanTol, J. and M.D. Remmenga} } @article {51316, title = {Differences in ewe and wether behavior when bonded to cattle}, journal = {Applied Animal Behaviour Science}, volume = {47}, year = {1996}, note = {Reprinted with permission from Elsevier, {\textcopyright} 1996. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01681591}, month = {1996}, pages = {201-209}, abstract = {

Under mixed stocking, both intra- and inter-species associations exist. Sheep normally do not associate with cattle when the two species are grazed together. However, sheep can be made to consistently stay close to (bond) and follow cattle if forced in close association with cattle at an early age for a period of time. The cohesiveness of this inter-species association under free-ranging conditions varies due to many factors, including sheep gender. Bonded wethers stay nearer to cattle than do bonded ewes. However, the distance of separation between bonded sheep groups and cattle groups during grazing increases over time. Though the mechanism(s) for these phenomena are not presently understood, keeping a few bonded wethers with bonded ewes may enhance the establishment and maintenance of consistently coherent range flerds (flocks + herds).

}, keywords = {cattle, grazing, predation, sheep, social grouping}, doi = {10.1016/0168-1591(95)00676-1}, url = {/files/bibliography/465.pdf}, author = {D.M. Anderson and Richard E. Estell and Kris Havstad and Shupe, W. Larry and R. Libeau and L. W. Murray} } @article {51317, title = {The potential of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of sheep feces to determine diet botanical composition}, journal = {Small Ruminant Research}, volume = {21}, number = {1-2}, year = {1996}, note = {Reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Copyright {\textcopyright} 1996. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09214488)}, month = {June 1, 1996}, pages = {1-10}, abstract = {

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) peaks near 470 nm ({\textquoteleft}blue{\textquoteright}) and 650 nm ({\textquoteleft}red{\textquoteright}) from sheep feces treated with chloroform (CHCl3) displayed spectral signatures that varied with diet. Fecal samples were obtained rectally over 3 days in a replicated study consisting of four diets (treatments) fed to 16 Polypay and Polypay {\texttimes} Rambouillet lambs (four lambs per treatment). Basal diet consisted of tobosa (Pleuraphis mutica Buckley [formally Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth.] hay with 0\% (control), 10\%, 20\% or 30\% tarbush (Flourensia cernua D.C.) added on a dry matter basis. Feces were dried at 60 {\textdegree}C, treated with chloroform and the extract from both crushed and intact fecal material was then excited by laser input at 355 nm. Tarbush leaves gave LIF only in the blue region of the spectrum. However, tobosa hay and all fecal pellets produced a bimodal LIF spectral distribution with a lower, broader peak feature in the blue region and a narrower well defined taller feature in the red region of the spectrum. Chloroform did not exhibit fluorescence peaks between 400 nm and 800 nm. As tarbush in the diet increased, so did the magnitude of counts in the blue region of the spectrum. The LIF red/blue intensity ratios appear to be more reliable than actual counts in differentiating feces of sheep fed tobosa diets containing differing amounts of tarbush. red/blue ratios decreased (P\< 0.05) linearly (P\< 0.005) for both crushed and intact sheep fecal pellets as the tarbush/tobosa ratio in the diet increased. Inconsistencies in count amplitudes and wavelengths in either one or both regions (red or blue) of the spectrum and in red/blue ratios (especially on Day 3 for crushed fecal samples) are discussed in terms of sample preparation procedures and sampling days. Our results suggest that further testing of the LIF technique is warranted using diets consisting of several species.

}, keywords = {botanical composition, diets, fecal samples, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), sheep}, doi = {10.1016/0921-4488(95)00817-9}, url = {/files/bibliography/466.pdf}, author = {D.M. Anderson and Nachman, P. and Richard E. Estell and Ruekgauer, T. and Kris Havstad and E.L. Fredrickson and L. W. Murray} } @article {51356, title = {Effects of Flourensia cernua ingestion on nitrogen balance of sheep consuming tobosa}, journal = {Journal of Range Management}, volume = {49}, year = {1996}, note = {Permission to post articles granted by the Society for Range Management; www.rangelands.org.}, month = {1996}, pages = {331-335}, abstract = {

Flourensia cernua DC. (tarbush) is a deciduous shrub with potential as a high-protein forage source for livestock. Twenty-four Polypay x Rambouillet wethers housed in metabolism crates were used to evaluate tarbush as a N source for sheep fed a low quality grass diet. Treatments were 100\% ground tobosa grass (Pleuraphis mutica Buckl.) or tobosa substituted with 10, 20, or 30\% whole pre-bloom tarbush leaves (n = 5) or 26\% ground alfalfa (n = 4, Medicago sativa L.) on a dry matter basis (dmb). Sheep were fed ad libitum for 11 days, after which feed was restricted to 1 \% (dmb) of body weight for 11 days to reduce sorting and maintain uniform intake. Apparent dry matter digestibility was not improved (P = 0.2646) with tarbush or alfalfa. Fecal N was similar (P = 0.1626), but urinary N varied (P = 0.0008) among treatments. Apparent N digestibility differed (P = 0.0042) among treatments (43, 46, 50, 56, and 63\% for sheep consuming 0, 10, 20, or 30\% tarbush or alfalfa, respectively). All treatments resulted in similar (P = 0.1569) but negative N retentions (-2.4, -2.2, -2.8, -2.0, and -1.5 g day-1 for sheep consuming 0, 10, 20, or 30\% tarbush or alfalfa, respectively). Serum clinical profiles (day 22) confirmed all sheep were nutritionally stressed, but did not indicate toxicosis. Although neither tarbush nor alfalfa N compensated for the low quality basal diet, N from 30\% tarbush was utilized with similar efficiency to alfalfa N. The major impediment for using tarbush as a N source appeared to be low palatability.

}, keywords = {alfalfa, blood chemistry, body weight, cholesterol, digestible protein, dry matter, feed intake, Flourensia, grasses, Leaves, New Mexico, nitrogen balance, nitrogen retention, Pleuraphis mutica, sheep, urea, weed palatability}, url = {/files/bibliography/497.pdf}, author = {D. King and E.L. Fredrickson and Richard E. Estell and Kris Havstad and Wallace, J.D. and L. W. Murray} } @article {51388, title = {Potential toxicity and feed value of onions for sheep}, journal = {Livestock Production Science}, volume = {42}, year = {1995}, note = {Reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Copyright {\textcopyright} 1995. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03016226)}, month = {1995}, pages = {45-54}, abstract = {

The feeding, ruminal effects and potential toxicity of cull onions bulbs (Allium cepa) was compared to whole sorghum grain for growing wethers. In Expt. 1, 56 Polypay X Rambouillet wethers (avg. initial BW of 32.7 {\textpm} 0.88 kg) were assigned randomly to one of four dietary treatments (dry matter basis): (1) 50\% whole sorghum grain (CON); (2) 33\% sorghum:17\% onions (17\%); (3) 17\% sorghum:33\% onions (33\%); and (4) 50\% onions (50\%). The remaining 50\% was pelleted alfalfa (19\% CP). All wethers were group fed (seven wethers per pen; two replicates per treatment) for 6 weeks. Weight gain during the trial did not differ (P\> 0.05) among treatments. Packed cell volume tended to be less (P = 0.057) for the 33\% and 50\% onion groups during weeks 1 and 2, and was less (P\< 0.0001) for the same groups during week 3 (34, 33, 29 and 29\% for CON, 17, 33 and 50\%, respectively). Serum lactate dehydrogenase was increased (P\< 0.05) at weeks 3 and 6 in sheep on the 33\% and 50\% onion treatments. During Expt. 2, 15 ruminally cannulated wethers were individually fed diets similar to those Expt. 1, except onions were fed to replace sorghum grain to provide 0, 25 and 50\% of the dietary DM as onions. Ruminal fluid (P\> 0.05) and particulate passage (P\> 0.05) were not altered by feeding onions. Water intake by drinking decreased (P\< 0.0001) as percentage of onions in the diet increased, whereas total water intake (drinking and fed) increased (P\< 0.0001). Effects of onions on volatile fatty acid concentrations and ruminal pH were minimal (P\< 0.05), whereas ruminal ammonia-N concentration was greater (P\< 0.05) in wethers fed onions. We conclude that under conditions similar to those in our study, onions can be fed safely to sheep with weight gains comparable to those from whole sorghum grain.

}, keywords = {Allium cepa, digestion, sheep}, doi = {10.1016/0301-6226(94)00066-G}, url = {/files/bibliography/442.pdf}, author = {E.L. Fredrickson and Richard E. Estell and Kris Havstad and Shupe, W. Larry and L. W. Murray} } @conference {51408, title = {Effects of tarbush ingestion on intake, digesta kinetics, in situ digestion, ruminal fermentation, and nitrogen balance of sheep consuming low quality tobosa grass diets}, booktitle = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {74 (Suppl. 1)}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {Abstract 205}, abstract = {Tarbush (Flourensiacernua) represents a substantial biomass in the Chihuahuan Desert. Two studies were conducted to assess intake, in situ digestion, passage rate, ruminal fermentation, and nitrogen balance of sheep fed a low quality tobosa (Hilariamutica) diet containing up to 30\% tarbush leaves. Tarbush was harvested and air dried, and leaves were separated from stems. In Exp. 1, 16 ruminally cannulated Polypay x Rambouillet lambs (avg BW = 46 kg) were individually fed (twice daily) ground (2.54 cm) tobosa (5.9\% CP, 80\% NDF; DM basis) substitued with 0, 10, 20, or 30\% (DM basis) tarbush (18.9\% CP, 33\% NDF) leaves ad libitum for 28d. In Exp. 2, 24 Polypay x Rambouillet wethers (avg BW = 47 kg) in metabolism crates were allotted to one of the four treatments described above (n = 5) or 26\% ground alfalfa (n = 4). Sheep were fed ad libitum for 11 d and then restricted to 1\% of BW for 11 d to equalize intake. In Exp. 1, DMI for 20 and 30\% tarbush treatments was greater (P = .0049) during week 3 than 0 and 10\% treatments. Molar butyrate proportions (P = .0032) and total VFA concentrations (P = .0064) were greater for the 30\% tarbush treatment than other treatments. Sheep fed 30\% tarbush had greater (P < .0046) ruminal ammonia concentrations than sheep fed other diets at 6, 8, and 12 h postfeeding. In Exp. 2, all treatments resulted in similar but negative N retentions (-2.4, -2.2, -2.8, -2.0, and -1.5 g/d for sheep consuming 0, 10, 20, or 30\% tarbush or alfalfa, respectively). Because only 30\% tarbush elicited measurable responses in Exp. 1 (based on ruminal ammonia dn total VFA concentrations), nutrients contained by tarbush (especially CP) did not appear to be completely available to sheep. Low DMI observed in Exp. 2 was likely due to secondary compounds in tarbush and may partly explain why no differences in N balance were observed in Exp. 2.}, keywords = {intake, nitrogen balance, rumen ammonia, sheep, tarbush ingestion, tobosa grass}, author = {D. King and Richard E. Estell and E.L. Fredrickson and Kris Havstad and Wallace, J.D. and L. W. Murray} } @conference {51410, title = {Examination of sheep as a potential disseminator of grass seed}, booktitle = {48th Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {Abstract 36}, abstract = {Seeds resistant to intestinal and ruminal degradation have potential for dispersal by ruminant livestock. Additionally, very small seeds may have short ruminal retention times and, thus, escape ruminal degradation. Depending on the extent of intestinal degradation, small seeds may remain viable after excretion. These seeds may subsequently benefit from high nutrient and perhaps moisture conditions associated with dung. Five 4-year-old, ruminally cannulated wethers were used to study the effect of buccal, ruminal, and intestinal digestion on seed viability of Lehmann lovegrass. After ruminal evacuation followed by a 21-day ruminal adaptation to pelleted alfalfa, three experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 tested seed viability after ruminal plus post-ruminal digestion. Hydrated seeds were dosed intraruminally and total fecal collections were made. An aliquot of the feces was wet sieved and seeds recovered. Germination rates were then measured. Intact fecal pellets were used to determine seed viability under in situ conditions. Experiment 2 tested the influence of ruminal degradation on seed viability using in sacco techniques. After incremental ruminal incubation up to 120 hours, all intact seeds were isolated and seed viability was measured. Experiment 3 tested the effect of mastication on seed viability. Seeds mexed with seed-free straw in a proportion of 1 to 10 were fed to each wether and boli recovered manually before rinsing and germination rate determinations. These experiments are assisting efforts to determine digestive influences on seed viability of differing plant species. These efforts will provide information necessary to both promote and prevent seed dispersal by domestic livestock.}, keywords = {dissemination, grass seed, seed viability, sheep}, author = {Ksiksi, T. and E.L. Fredrickson and J.R. Barrow and Kris Havstad and Richard E. Estell} } @article {51439, title = {Effects of organic solvents on use of tarbush by sheep}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {1137-1142}, abstract = {

Tarbush (Flourensia cernua DC) is a native perennial shrub prevelant in many parts of the Chihuahuan desert. Ruminants have exhibited limited use of tarbus leaves and new leaders as a forage during the summer growing season. Efforts to increase use of tarbush by lambs, through spraying with various organic solvents were unsuccessful. probably because of the highly variable response. However, complete immersion of tarbush in organic solvents (acetone and ethanol) increased (P\< 0.01) tarbush use by ram lambs when compared to unaltered tarbush using organic solvents enhanced acceptability of tarbush to sheep.

}, keywords = {Flourensia cernua, herbivory, leaf surface, organic solvents, sheep, tarbush}, doi = {10.1007/BF02059749}, url = {/files/bibliography/416.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and D.M. Anderson and Kris Havstad} } @mastersthesis {51506, title = {Diurnal diet composition and behavior of cattle and sheep on Chihuahuan Desert range}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1993}, note = {Available in JER Library}, month = {1993}, pages = {162 }, school = {New Mexico State University}, type = {Dissertation }, address = {Las Cruces}, keywords = {behavior, cattle, Chihuahuan Desert, diet composition, dissertation, diurnal, research notes, sheep}, author = {J. N. Smith} } @article {51522, title = {Feeding cull onions to sheep}, journal = {Ranch Magazine}, year = {1992}, month = {October 1, 1992}, pages = {44}, abstract = {Several years ago during a visit to the Las Cruces city landfill, we saw a small mountain of cull onions with several pickups parked around it. People were climbing over the pile looking for the best onions to load in their pickups to either eat or sell. While watching the people sort through the onions we wondered if we could use onions as a livestock feed. Sometime later we searched various journals to learn what is currently known about feeding cull onions to livestock. To our surprise, there was very little information. Most all the articles available only described a condition termed "oxlion poisoning," a condition where sulfur compounds in onions cause red blood cells to loose their ability to carry oxygen and eventually the red blood cells die. Despite these reports in the literature, we knew of a few sheep producers who were feeding cull onions. It became obvious to us that research designed to determine the amount of onions that could safely be fed to sheep might be useful to sheep producers and onion growers alike. Onions are potentially an inexpensive feed. Also, cull onions reentering the market place negatively affect market demand for onions and onion prices. With aid from the New Mexico Dry Onion Commission, we completed two studies using sheep.}, keywords = {cull onions, inexpensive feed, livestock feed, oxlion poisoning, sheep}, url = {/files/bibliography/384.pdf}, author = {E.L. Fredrickson and Shupe, W. Larry} } @article {51532, title = {Diet selection of cattle and bonded small ruminants grazing arid rangeland}, journal = {Sheep Research Journal}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {11-18}, abstract = {

Cattle, sheep and goats, when together on the same range are referred to as grazing in common, or as being managed under mixed grazing (Allen, 1991). Most mixed grazing schemes are designed to take advantage of dietary differences among livestock species. Grazing strategies involving more than one animal species should promote more uniform forage utilization and greater livestock production than is possible under single species grazing (Anderson et al., 1985).

}, keywords = {goats, grazing behavior, liveweight, microhistological analysis, Mixed stocking, sheep}, url = {/files/bibliography/389.pdf}, author = {Clarence V. Hulet and D.M. Anderson and V.B. Nakamatsu and L. W. Murray and Pieper, Rex D.} } @article {51531, title = {Effects of age and flock size on flocking behavior in Rambouillet and Rambouillet x Polypay female sheep}, journal = {Sheep Research Journal}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {112-115}, abstract = {

Although intraspecies cohesiveness or flocking behavior in some breeds of adult sheep is well recognized (Hunter,1960), age effects and numbers of sheep within and among ages independent of maternal attachment is not clear. Young ewe lambs from our New Mexico flock just weaned from their dams refused to stay with a group of adult ewes bonded to cattle (flerd). In contrast, a group of yearling ewes tenaciously stayed close to peer yearling ewes bonded to cattle (Anderson et al.,1988). In attempts to increase the numbers of young bonded lambs in flerds we observed that when group size approached or exceeded 12, lambs frequently became independent of cattle and formed small independent lamb groups. However, when the original small confinement groups were maintained as separate units until the lambs were 6 months or more of age, the small flerd could be combined into larger groups and would maintain close affinity quite consistently (Hulet,1989). Bonded older lambs, yearlings and mature ewes have been maintained in large groups (\>80) with cattle with consistent close affinity of the sheep to cattle over long periods of time (\>3 years). These contrasting behaviors raised the question as to the age at which the flocking instinct, independent of maternal attachment, expresses itself.

}, keywords = {behavior, flocking, management, sheep}, url = {/files/bibliography/390.pdf}, author = {Clarence V. Hulet and D.M. Anderson and Shupe, W. Larry and L. W. Murray} } @article {51533, title = {Field versus pen bonding lambs to cattle}, journal = {Sheep Research Journal}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {69-72}, abstract = {

Complementary grazing of cattle and sheep promotes more uniform and efficient utilization of forages, because of differences in dietary preferences (Stoddard and Smith, 1943; Baker, 1985). Therefore, it is possible to co-graze 2 or 3 sheep for each cow on many ranches without reducing cow numbers. However, coyote predation and locating sheep in shrub infested pastures conducive to coyote predation are two challenges that confront mixed-species management systems (Etchepare, 1985; Merrill, 1985).

}, keywords = {behavior, bonding, mixed-species stocking, predator, sheep}, url = {/files/bibliography/391.pdf}, author = {Clarence V. Hulet and D.M. Anderson and Shupe, W. Larry and L. W. Murray} } @article {51661, title = {Ovarian cyclicity and serum progesterone and LH in fine-wool ewes supplemented with alfalfa and pinto beans}, journal = {Theriogenology}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, year = {1989}, note = {Reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Copyright {\textcopyright} 1989. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0093691X)}, month = {July 1, 1989}, pages = {149-158}, abstract = {

Effects of season and supplementation on the incidence and rate of ovulation and hormone profiles in multiparous, nonlactating ewes were investigated under range and drylot conditions during anestrus (February through August). Ninety ewes received one of six nutritional treatments: 1) range forage, 2) range forage plus 0.33 kg{\textperiodcentered}hd-1{\textperiodcentered}d-1 pinto beans, 3) 0.45 kg{\textperiodcentered}hd-1{\textperiodcentered}d-1 alfalfa pellets, 4) dry lot plus 1.33 kg{\textperiodcentered}hd-1{\textperiodcentered}d-1 prairie hay only, 5) pinto beans or 6) alfalfa pellets at rates used on the range and prairie hay. Supplemented ewes were heavier (P \< 0.05) than ewes fed range forage or prairie hay during most of the study. Seasonality of ovulation, in terms of incidence and rate, was not affected (P \> 0.40) by supplementation in range ewes. The ovulation rate tended to be highest in prairie hay plus pinto bean drylot ewes in February (P = 0.21) and in prairie hay plus alfalfa pellet and prairie hay plus pinto bean ewes in March (P = 0.13) compared with prairie hay ewes. Generally, seasonality of ovulation was not influenced by supplementation (P \> 0.40). The incidence of ovulation approached zero for drylot ewes in April, May, June and July, while it was 43, 27, 35 and 21\% for range ewes, in those same months. Supplementation did not affect serum progesterone during the estrous cycle. Luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were similar (P \> 0.50) among drylot treatment groups before a 50-ug gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) challenge. Pinto bean supplementation enhanced serum LH response to GnRH (P \< 0.10).

}, keywords = {luteinizing hormone, ovulation, progesterone, sheep, supplementation}, doi = {10.1016/0093-691X(89)90531-1}, url = {/files/bibliography/343.pdf}, author = {Hamadeh, S.K. and Clarence V. Hulet and Ross, T.T. and Hallford, D.M.} } @article {51666, title = {A Review: Understanding sheep behaviour, a key to more efficient and profitable lamb and wool production}, journal = {SID Research Journal}, volume = {5}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {26-33}, abstract = {

A knowledge of sheep behavior can help to improve production efficiency. Flocking instinct and social attachments provide methods to improve the efficiency of managing sheep through bonding to cattle to reduce loss to predation and minimize stress at weaning. Characteristics of sheep movement behavior have contributed to the design of efficient sheep-working facilities and management systems. Cattle, sheep and goats are complementary in transforming the range resource into red meat and fiber. Grazing behavior and diet learning are leading to improved forage utilization and range management. Periodic exposure of rams to ewes increases testes size, fertility and libido. Exposure of ewes, previously isolated from males, to rams during the transitional period between the non breeding and breeding season can initiate early breeding and fall lambs. Ewe lambs are shy breeders and should be mated separately from mature ewes. Orphan lambs can be fostered to ewes with extra milk utilizing odor transfer techniques resulting in higher and more efficient lamb production. Stress management can improve rate of gain following weaning and in feedlot lambs.

}, keywords = {behavior, management, production, sheep}, url = {/files/bibliography/347.pdf}, author = {Clarence V. Hulet} } @article {51778, title = {Coyotes, guard dogs and electric fences}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {9}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {102-105}, abstract = {

In 1983 sheep were introduced on the Jornada Experimental Range (JER) in southwest New Mexico to determine if cattle and sheep grazing would lead to more efficient utilization of the range. It was rumored that there were many coyotes in the area and predation was expected to be a serious problem. A year after the sheep were introduced, the Fishery and Wildlife Sciences Department at New Mexico State University (NMSU) in cooperation with USDA estimated from scent-post visitations and helicopter gunning that coyote density was 1 per 2.7 square miles (Kumm 1985).

}, keywords = {fencing, predation, sheep}, url = {/files/bibliography/319.pdf}, author = {Clarence V. Hulet and Shupe, W. Larry and V. W. Howard Jr.} } @conference {51808, title = {Cattle and sheep activities under simultaneous stocking of arid rangeland}, booktitle = {39th Annual Meeting, Society for Range Management}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {141}, abstract = {Within each of three seasons (i.e., dormancy, ephemeral and perennial growth) a series of observations were made on cattle and sheep between sunrise and sunset. Grazing, walking, standing, and lying events were recorded with an electronic, hand-held data logger that contained a real-time clock. Discussion of the data includes evaluating the locations within the paddock where the various activities took place and the implications this type of data has in developing mixed species grazing strategies.}, keywords = {activities, arid rangeland, cattle, sheep, simultaneous stocking}, author = {D.M. Anderson and J. N. Smith and Clarence V. Hulet} } @article {51853, title = {Jornada Experimental Range: we{\textquoteright}re still learning}, journal = {Agricultural Research}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, year = {1986}, note = {//USDA//NONE//}, month = {1986}, pages = {6-9}, abstract = {A general overview of the Jornada Experimental Range from 1880{\textquoteright}s to 1986.}, keywords = {article, articles, cattle, community, grassland, grazing, journal, journals, review, sheep}, author = {Senft, Dennis} } @article {JRN54842, title = {Improving reproductive efficiency in sheep}, year = {1978}, abstract = {

The efficiency of lamb production can be improved by overcoming the major reproductive problems of sheep: (a) low lambing rate; (b) restricted breeding season; (c) low fertility during the early postpartum period; (d) late puberty; and (e) perinatal lamb losses.

Lambing rate is being improved impressively by increasing the ovulation rate through crossbreeding., selection, and improved management. Little progress has been made in reducing embryonic and fetal mortality, a problem especially prevalent during the early part of the breeding season and in hot environments. Some progress is being made toward reducing the restrictions to lamb production efficiency caused by the short breeding season. The breeding season is being eliminated, lengthened, or modified through breeding and selection hormone therapy and controlling exposure to light. Much more needs to be done to permit lambing at any time of year and to shorten lambing intervals to less than one year.

Little progress has been made in improving fertility during the early postpartum interval. This an important area for future investigation in order to shorten lambing intervals. Age at puberty has been reduced and fertility improved in ewe lambs through crossbreeding, selection, improved nutrition, and management. The breeding of ewe lams is commonly practiced throughout the United States with increasing success every year. New research data in management and disease control suggest success each year. New research data in management and disease control suggest way to markedly reduce losses of perinatal lambs. Further progress may come through the development of new vaccines for the prevention of losses caused by enzootic abortion in ewes and scours in lambs.

}, keywords = {Improving reproductive efficiency, sheep}, author = {Clarence V. Hulet} } @article {JRN54838, title = {Relationship between ovulation rate and reproductive performance in sheep}, journal = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {26}, year = {1967}, month = {May 1967}, pages = {563-566}, chapter = {563}, abstract = {

An index or criterion for predicting \ the \ future reproductive performance of yearling ewes could be most useful \ in \ developing a more efficient sheep industry. It has long been assumed \ that \ there \ is an \ important \ relationship \ between ovulation rate and lamb production, but the repeatability of ovulation rate within a breeding season \ and \ between breeding seasons \ is unknown.

Until recently, surgical procedures have been time-consuming and have discouraged the study of \ these relationships. \ However, use of the laparotomy cradle as developed by Lamond (1963) and use of local \ anesthesia have made practical the examination of reproductive organs in large numbers of live animals.

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between two ovulation rates measured at a 35-day interval during the peak of the breeding season and the relationship between the mean of these ovulations and \ previous lifetime lamb production. The relationship between the number of corpora lutea (CL) at the first and second observation periods to the number of embryos resulting from matings at the second observation period was also studied.

}, keywords = {ovulation rate, reproductive performance, sheep}, url = {/files/bibliography/1912-1.pdf}, author = {Clarence V. Hulet and W.C. Foote} }