@inbook {JRN52668,
	title = {Cross-site studies "by design:" Experiments and observations that provide new insights},
	booktitle = {Long-Term Trends in Ecological Systems: A Basis for Understanding Responses to Global Change},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {72-80},
	publisher = {National Technical Information Services},
	organization = {National Technical Information Services},
	chapter = {10},
	address = {Springfield, Virginia},
	abstract = {<p>The cross-site comparisons presented in the previous chapters are all conducted after the individual studies are completed.\&nbsp; The differences in experimental design in individual studies in a posteriori cross-site studies limit the scope of questions that can be addressed, and the powerfulness and confidence in the conclusions.\&nbsp; This chapter describes cross-site studies that are {\textquotedblleft}by design{\textquotedblright} where the questions, experimental layout, methods, and measurements included multiple sites from the beginning. These a priori cross-site studies provide powerful tools to understand the phenomenon of global change and to predict its impacts on ecosystems and society. Two types of a priori cross-site studies are described: (1) experimental manipulations of drivers or system properties, and (2) observations or monitoring of natural or managed ecosystems located along environmental gradients. Within each type, examples of both on-going or completed experiments and new or developing experiments are presented.\&nbsp; For each example, insights that would not have been obtained with other approaches are also presented. The limitations and difficulties of this type of studies are listed.</p>
},
	keywords = {atmospheric chemistry, climate change, cross-site comparisons, disturbance, ecological response, ecology, ecosystem, EcoTrends, experimental forests, global change, human demography, human population growth, Long Term Ecological Research (LTER), long-term datasets, precipitation, rangeland, rangeland research stations, surface water chemistry},
	url = {/files/bibliography/13-029-10.pdf},
	author = {Jin Yao and O. E. Sala and Debra C. Peters}
}
