@article {50204, title = {Effects of cis-beta-sabinene hydrate, and monoterpene adn sesquiterpene mixtures on alfalfa pellet intake by lambs}, journal = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {86}, year = {2008}, month = {June 2008}, pages = {1478-1484}, abstract = {

The transition of grasslands to shrub-dominated scrubland reduces livestock productivity and contributes to impoverished human conditions in arid and semiarid regions worldwide. Many shrubs increasing in dominance contain secondary compounds that deter herbivores. Knowledge concerning the effects of specific compounds on herbivore diets is limited but may provide useful insights into desertification. Flourensia cernua is a dominant shrub in the northern Chihuahuan Desert that contains an abundance of terpenes. Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of individual terpenes (cis-\â-ocimene and cis-sabinene hydrate; Exp. 1 and 2) or mixtures of monoterpenes (borneol, camphene, camphor, 1,8-cineole, limonene, myrcene, and \á-pinene; Exp. 3) or sesquiterpenes (\â-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, \á-copaene, and \á-humulene; Exp. 4) on intake of alfalfa pellets by lambs. Forty-five lambs (9 lambs/treatment) were individually fed treated alfalfa pellets for 20 min each morning for 5 days. Five treatments (0X, .5X, 1X, 2X, and 10X; multiples of the concentrations of the same terpenes in Flourensia cernua) were applied to alfalfa pellets (637 g, DM basis) in an ethanol carrier. Experiments were preceded by a 10-d adaptation period to untreated pellets. Except during the 20-min test, lambs were maintained outdoors and fed untreated alfalfa pellets (total mean intake = 4.7\% of BW, DM basis). Day \× treatment interactions were detected (P\< 0.04) in Exp. 1 and 4, due to greater intake for 0X than other treatments on day 1 (Exp. 1) and lower intake for the 10X treatment on day 1 and 2 (Exp. 4). A trend for decreased intake (g/kg BW) as concentration of the sesquiterpene mixture increased was observed in Exp. 3 (P = 0.093 for the linear contrast). Although there was a tendency for the sesquiterpene mixture to decrease intake, cis-\â-ocimene, cis-sabinene hydrate, and the monoterpene mixture did not appear to affect intake by lambs. Thus, sesquiterpenes may exert antiherbivory properties under certain conditions that may contribute to shrub dominance with extended periods of livestock foraging.

}, keywords = {alfalfa pellets, lambs, monoterpene, sesquiterpene}, doi = {10.2527/jas.2007-0699}, url = {/files/bibliography/08-009.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and M.D. Remmenga} } @conference {50326, title = {Effects of individual terpenes and terpene mistures on intake of lambs}, booktitle = {American Society of Animal Science}, volume = {85}, number = {Suppl. 1}, year = {2007}, month = {July 9, 2007}, pages = {287-288}, abstract = {Rangeland degradation due to shrub encroachment is a major concern to livestock producers and land managers in the western United States and in arid and semiarid regions worldwide. Most invasive shrubs contain secondary compounds that reduce their consumption by herbivores, but knowledge concerning the effects of specific compounds is limited. Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of individual terpenes or mixtures of monoterpenes or sesquiterpenes on intake by lambs. After a 10-day adaptation period with untreated alfalfa pellets, lambs were individually fed treated alfalfa pellets for 20 min. each morning for 5 days. Five treatments (0X, .5X, 1X, 2X, and 10X; multiples of the concentrations of the same terpenes in Flourensia cernua) were applied to alfalfa pellets (637 g, DM basis) in an ethanol carrier. Except during the 20-m,in test, lambs were maintained outdoors and fed untreated alfalfa pellets (total mean intake = 4.7\%) in Exp. 1 and 4 because of greater intake of OX than other treatments on day 1 and lower intake for the 10XZ treatment on day 1 and 2. A trend for decreased intake (g/kg BW) as concentration of the sesquiterpene mixture increased was observed. Although there was a tendency for a sesquiterpene mixture to decrease intake, and the monoterpene mixture did not appear to affect intake by lambs.}, keywords = {alfalfa, alfalfa pellet, intake, lambs, shrubs, terpene}, author = {Richard E. Estell and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and M.D. Remmenga} } @conference {50649, title = {Effects of {\~a}-terpinene, terpinolene, {\'a}-copaene, and {\'a}-terpinene on consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep}, booktitle = {2004 Joint Annual Meeting, American Dairy Science Association/American Society of Animal Science/Poultry Science Association}, volume = {Vol. 82 (Suppl. 1)}, year = {2004}, month = {July 25, 2004}, pages = {34}, publisher = {Journal of Animal Science}, organization = {Journal of Animal Science}, address = {St. Louis, MO}, abstract = {Secondary chemistry influences shrub consumption by free-ranging ruminants. However, effects of many specific terpenes on herbivory have not been examined. Four experiments were conducted to examine effects of individual terpenes on alfalfa pellet intake by lambs. Forty-five lambs (9 lambs/treatment) were individually fed alfalfa pellets sprayed with either {\~a}-terpinene, terpinolene, {\'a}-copaene, or {\'a}-terpinene at one of five concentrations in an ethanol carrier. Treatments (0, .5, 1, 2, and 10X) were multiples of the concentration (X) of a specific terpene on the leaf surface of Flourensia cernua. Terpenes were applied to alfalfa pellets (0.64 kg{\textperiodcentered}lamb-1{\textperiodcentered}d-1, DM basis), and consumption was measured during a 20-min interval for 5 d. Lambs were adapted to handling and individual pen feeding for 10 d and were maintained and fed alfalfa pellets in one group (except during 20-min tests) at a mean total daily intake of 3.9\% of BW (DM basis). A day effect (P <0.02) was detected for intake with {\~a}-terpinene (P <0.0001 for both linear and quadratic contrasts). A treatment effect (P <0.02) was observed for {\'a}-copaene, with intake on the 2X treatment lower than other treatments. No effect of terpinolene or {\'a}-terpinene on intake was observed during the 20-min interval. None of the chemicals tested were strongly related to intake of alfalfa pellets by lambs under the conditions of this study.}, keywords = {alfalfa pellet intake, intake, lambs, sheep, terpenes}, author = {Richard E. Estell and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and Kris Havstad and M.D. Remmenga} } @article {51068, title = {Effect of individual terpenes on consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep}, journal = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {78}, number = {6}, year = {2000}, month = {June 1, 2000}, pages = {1636-1640}, abstract = {

We examined effects of five individual terpenes on alfalfa pellet intake of lambs. In each experiment, 45 lambs were individually fed alfalfa pellets sprayed with either p-cymene, alpha-humulene, 1,8-cineole, 3-carene, or sabinene at one of five concentrations. Treatment levels (0, .5, 1, 2, and 10X) were multiples of the concentrations (X) of specific terpenes in tarbush that were related to differential herbivory by livestock in previous studies. Treatments were applied to alfalfa pellets (.64 kg/lamb/d, DM basis), and consumption during a 20-min interval was measured for 5 d. Lambs were adapted to handling and pen feeding for 10 d, and were maintained and fed alfalfa pellets in one group (except during 20-min tests) at a mean total daily intake of 4.7\% of BW (DM basis). None of the five compounds examined decreased pellet consumption during the 20-min interval. These five mono- and sesquiterpenes do not appear to be responsible for differential herbivory of individual tarbush plants by livestock.

}, keywords = {alfalfa pellets, herbivory, individual terpenes, lambs, sheep}, url = {/files/bibliography/00-008.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and Kris Havstad and M.D. Remmenga} } @conference {51562, title = {Effect of cyclic feeding patterns on growth, serum metabolites and hormones, organ size and carcass traits of wether lambs}, booktitle = {American Society of Animal Science}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {No. 839}, edition = {69 (Suppl. 1)}, abstract = {A study using 15 wether lambs (avg wt of 28.8 kg) was conducted (eight 16-d periods, five lambs/treatment) to examine effects of cyclic intake of dry matter or energy density. During the first four periods, controls received a 40\% concentrate diet (40C) at 1.5 x NE., another group (1X/2X) received 40C at 1 and 2 x NE, in 4-d intervals and a third group (70/10) received 70 and 10\% concentrate diets in 4-d intervals. All lambs were fed the control diet during periods 5 and 6 and increased to 2 x maintenance during periods 7-8. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 65 and 129. During periods 5-6, average daily gain and gain:feed ratio of the control group were greater (P < .10) than cyclic treatments. During periods 1-4, a trend existed for the 1X/2X treatment to have higher average daily gain (P = .15) and gain:feed (P = .12) than controls. Liver wt (hot carcass wt basis) was higher (P < .05) for controls. Hot carcass wt (P = .07) and dressing percentage (P = .09) tended to be higher for the 70/10 treatment than controls. Alternated feeding patterns resulted in no major shifts in GH, insulin, triiodothyronine or thyroxine profiles compared with controls. The 1X/2X treatment resulted in lower (P < .05) serum cholesterol than the other groups on d 65 but not on d 0 or 129. Smaller liver wt per unit of carcass wt with the 1X/2X and 70/10 treatment suggests a possible reduction of maintenance requirements.}, keywords = {feeding patterns, growth, lambs, organ mass}, author = {Richard E. Estell and Kris Havstad and Heird, C.E. and E.L. Fredrickson and Hallford, D.M. and Shupe, W. Larry} } @article {51726, title = {Estimating digestibility and faecal output in lambs using internal and external markers}, journal = {Journal Agricultural Science}, volume = {111}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {19-25}, address = {Great Britain}, keywords = {digestibility, lambs}, url = {/files/bibliography/88-001.pdf}, author = {Krysl, L.J. and Galyean, M.L. and Richard E. Estell and Sowell, B.F.} }