@article {50204, title = {Effects of cis-beta-sabinene hydrate, and monoterpene adn sesquiterpene mixtures on alfalfa pellet intake by lambs}, journal = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {86}, year = {2008}, month = {June 2008}, pages = {1478-1484}, abstract = {

The transition of grasslands to shrub-dominated scrubland reduces livestock productivity and contributes to impoverished human conditions in arid and semiarid regions worldwide. Many shrubs increasing in dominance contain secondary compounds that deter herbivores. Knowledge concerning the effects of specific compounds on herbivore diets is limited but may provide useful insights into desertification. Flourensia cernua is a dominant shrub in the northern Chihuahuan Desert that contains an abundance of terpenes. Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of individual terpenes (cis-\â-ocimene and cis-sabinene hydrate; Exp. 1 and 2) or mixtures of monoterpenes (borneol, camphene, camphor, 1,8-cineole, limonene, myrcene, and \á-pinene; Exp. 3) or sesquiterpenes (\â-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, \á-copaene, and \á-humulene; Exp. 4) on intake of alfalfa pellets by lambs. Forty-five lambs (9 lambs/treatment) were individually fed treated alfalfa pellets for 20 min each morning for 5 days. Five treatments (0X, .5X, 1X, 2X, and 10X; multiples of the concentrations of the same terpenes in Flourensia cernua) were applied to alfalfa pellets (637 g, DM basis) in an ethanol carrier. Experiments were preceded by a 10-d adaptation period to untreated pellets. Except during the 20-min test, lambs were maintained outdoors and fed untreated alfalfa pellets (total mean intake = 4.7\% of BW, DM basis). Day \× treatment interactions were detected (P\< 0.04) in Exp. 1 and 4, due to greater intake for 0X than other treatments on day 1 (Exp. 1) and lower intake for the 10X treatment on day 1 and 2 (Exp. 4). A trend for decreased intake (g/kg BW) as concentration of the sesquiterpene mixture increased was observed in Exp. 3 (P = 0.093 for the linear contrast). Although there was a tendency for the sesquiterpene mixture to decrease intake, cis-\â-ocimene, cis-sabinene hydrate, and the monoterpene mixture did not appear to affect intake by lambs. Thus, sesquiterpenes may exert antiherbivory properties under certain conditions that may contribute to shrub dominance with extended periods of livestock foraging.

}, keywords = {alfalfa pellets, lambs, monoterpene, sesquiterpene}, doi = {10.2527/jas.2007-0699}, url = {/files/bibliography/08-009.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and M.D. Remmenga} } @article {50859, title = {Effects of four mono- and sesquiterpenes on consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep}, journal = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {80}, number = {12}, year = {2002}, month = {December 1, 2002}, pages = {3301-3306}, abstract = {Effects of individual terpenes on alfalfa pellet intake by lambs were examined in four experiments. Forty-five lambs (9 lambs/treatment) were individually fed alfalfa pellets sprayed with either camphene, myrcene, caryophyllene oxide, or beta-pinene at one of five concentrations (one terpene per experiment). Treatments (0, .5, 1, 2, and 10X) were multiples of the concentration (X) of a specific terpene in tarbush. Terpenes were applied to alfalfa pellets (.64 kg.lamb-1.d-1, DM basis) and consumption wa measured during a 20-min interval for 5 d. Lambs were maintained and fed alfalfa pellets in one group (except during 20-min tests) at a mean total daily intake of 4.7\% of BW (DM basis). Camphene and caryophyllene oxide tended to decrease intake (linear contrasts were P = .0651 and P = .0504, respectively), while myrcene and beta-pinene exerted no effect on consumption of alfalfa pellets by lambs during the 20-min interval. Camphene and caryophyllene oxide may be involved in the differential herbivory of individual tarbush plants by livestock.}, keywords = {alfalfa pellets, consumption, individual terpenes, sheep}, doi = {10.2527/2002.80123301x}, url = {http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/80/12/3301}, author = {Richard E. Estell and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and Kris Havstad and M.D. Remmenga} } @article {50985, title = {Extracts of Flourensia cernua reduce consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {11}, year = {2001}, month = {November 1, 2001}, pages = {2275-2285}, abstract = {

Effects of three extracts (hexanes, ether and ethanol) from tarbush on intake of alfalfa pellets by lambs were examined in 2 experiments. Forty-five ewe lambs were fed 1 of 5 treatments for 5 days. Treatments were alfalfa pellets (CON) or alfalfa pellets plus ethanol carrier (CAR), hexanes extract (HEX), ether extract (ETH), or ethanol extract (ETOH). Extracts were applied to alfalfa pellets at the same concentration as in an equivalent amount of tarbush in experiment 1 and at 10-fold dilutions of that concentration in experiment 2. Treatments were isolated from 36 kg of tarbush leaves using a sequential extraction with hexanes, diethyl ether and 100\% ethanol. Extracts were obtained in batches (3 kg of leaves in 7 liters of solvent) with constant mixing (22 hr per solvent), filtered, solvents removed using a rotary evaporator and residue resuspended in ethanol. Lambs received 640 g of alfalfa pellets each morning and intake was monitored during a 20-min interval. In experiment 1, mean intake by lambs during the 20-min interval was 361, 393, 204, 212 and 228 g for CON, CAR, HEX, ETH and ETOH, respectively (SEM = 28.9). All 3 extracts decreased intake (P \< .0001) compared to CON or CAR. Intake did not differ among the 3 extracts (HEX, ETH and ETOH) nor between the 2 controls (CON and CAR). Mean intake did not differ among treatments in experiment 2 (468, 455, 389, 381 and 431 g for CON, CAR, HEX, ETH and ETOH, respectively; SEM = 30.5; P = .187). Because all 3 extracts decreased intake of alfalfa pellets at concentrations normally encountered in intact plants, several compounds are probably responsible for the low palatability and differential use of tarbush typically exhibited by livestock.

}, keywords = {alfalfa pellets, consumption, fluorensia cernua extracts, sheep}, doi = {10.1023/A:1012235121852}, url = {/files/bibliography/01-021.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and M.R. Tellez and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and Kris Havstad and M.D. Remmenga} } @article {51068, title = {Effect of individual terpenes on consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep}, journal = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {78}, number = {6}, year = {2000}, month = {June 1, 2000}, pages = {1636-1640}, abstract = {

We examined effects of five individual terpenes on alfalfa pellet intake of lambs. In each experiment, 45 lambs were individually fed alfalfa pellets sprayed with either p-cymene, alpha-humulene, 1,8-cineole, 3-carene, or sabinene at one of five concentrations. Treatment levels (0, .5, 1, 2, and 10X) were multiples of the concentrations (X) of specific terpenes in tarbush that were related to differential herbivory by livestock in previous studies. Treatments were applied to alfalfa pellets (.64 kg/lamb/d, DM basis), and consumption during a 20-min interval was measured for 5 d. Lambs were adapted to handling and pen feeding for 10 d, and were maintained and fed alfalfa pellets in one group (except during 20-min tests) at a mean total daily intake of 4.7\% of BW (DM basis). None of the five compounds examined decreased pellet consumption during the 20-min interval. These five mono- and sesquiterpenes do not appear to be responsible for differential herbivory of individual tarbush plants by livestock.

}, keywords = {alfalfa pellets, herbivory, individual terpenes, lambs, sheep}, url = {/files/bibliography/00-008.pdf}, author = {Richard E. Estell and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and Kris Havstad and M.D. Remmenga} } @conference {51067, title = {Fluorensia cernua extracts decrease intake of alfalfa pellets by sheep}, booktitle = {2000 Joint Meeting, American Society of Animal Science/American Dairy Science Association}, volume = {78}, number = {Suppl. 1}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {113}, publisher = {Journal of Animal Science}, organization = {Journal of Animal Science}, abstract = {

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of 3 extracts (hexane, ether and ethanol) isolated from tarbush on intake of alfalfa pellets by sheep. In each of 2 experiments, 45 ewe lambs received 1 of 5 treatments for 5 d. Treatments were alfalfa pellets (CON) or alfalfa pellets plus ethanol carrier (CAR), hexane extract (HEX), ether extract (ETH) or ethanol extract t(ETOH). Treatments were isolated from tarbush leaves (36 kg) using a sequential extraction of hexane, diethyl ether and 100\% ethanol. Extractions (3 kg of leaves in 7 L of solvent, constant mixing, 22 h per solvent) were filtered, solvents removed using a rotary evaporator and resuspended in ethanol. Lambs were offered 640 g of alfalfa pellets (DM basis) and intake was monitored during a 20-min interval each morning. Extracts were applied to alfalfa pellets at the same concentration as in tarbush in Exp. 1, and at 10-fold dilutions in Exp. 2. Lambs were adapted to handling and individual pen feeding for 10 d and maintained and fed alfalfa pellets (4.7\% of BW, DM basis) as one group except during 20-min tests. All 3 extracts reduced intake by lambs in Exp. 1 ( P \< .0001) compared to CON or CAR. Mean intake during the 20-min period was 361, 393, 204, 212 and 228 g for CON, CAR, HEX, ETH and ETOH, respectively (SEM=28.9). Intake did not differ between CON and CAR, nor among HEX, ETH and ETOH. Mean intake in Exp. 2 was not different (468, 455, 389, 381 and 431 g for CON, CAR, HEX, ETH and ETOH, respectively; SEM =30.5; P =.187). Three fractions containing mixtures of compounds of increasing polarity were equally effective in decreasing intake of alfalfa pellets at concentrations encountered in intact tarbush plants; thus, several compounds are probably involved in the low palatability of this shrub exhibited by livestock.

}, keywords = {alfalfa pellets, extracts, Fluorensia cernua, intake, sheep, tarbush, treatments}, author = {Richard E. Estell and M.R. Tellez and E.L. Fredrickson and D.M. Anderson and Kris Havstad and M.D. Remmenga} }