@article {JRN54930, title = {Vulnerabilities of Southwestern U.S. rangeland-based animal agriculture to climate change}, journal = {Climatic Change}, volume = {148}, year = {2018}, month = {06/2018}, pages = {371-386}, chapter = {371}, abstract = {

The Southwestern US is a five-state region that has supported animal agriculture since the late 16th Century when European settlers crossed the Rio Grande into present day west Texas and southern New Mexico with herds of cattle, sheep, goats and horses. For the past 400\ years the rangeland livestock industry, in its many forms and manifestations, has developed management strategies and conservation practices that impart resilience to the climatic extremes, especially prolonged droughts, that are common and extensive across this region. Livestock production from rangelands in the southwest (SW) is adapted to low rainfall and high ambient temperatures, but will have to continue to adapt management strategies, such as reduced stocking rates, proper grazing management practices, employing animal genetics suited to arid environments with less herbaceous production, erosion control conservation practices, and alternative forage supplies, in an increasingly arid and variable climatic environment. Even though the aging demographics of western ranchers could be a deterrent to implementing various adaptations, there are examples of creative management coalitions to cope with climatic change that are emerging in the SW that can serve as instructive examples. More importantly, there are additional opportunities for incorporation of transformative practices and technologies that can sustain animal agriculture in the SW in a warmer environment. Animal agriculture in the SW is inherently resilient, and has the capacity to adapt and transform as needed to the climatic changes that are now occurring and will continue to occur across this region. However, producers and land managers will need to thoroughly understand the vulnerabilities and sensitivities that face them as well as the ecological characteristics of their specific landscapes in order to cope with the emerging climatic changes across the SW region.

}, doi = {doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1834-7}, url = {files/bibliography/18-008.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and Joel R. Brown and Richard E. Estell and Emile H. Elias and A. Rango and Caitriana Steele} } @conference {JRN54505, title = {LTAR linkages with other research networks: Capitalizing on network interconnections}, booktitle = {American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting}, year = {2015}, month = {12/2015}, publisher = {AGU}, organization = {AGU}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

Agro-ecosystem Research (LTAR) Network, the National Science Foundation{\textquoteright}s Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network, the National Ecological Observation Network (NEON), and the USDA{\textquoteright}s Climate Hub Network. Each of these networks has distinct functions, missions, operational characteristics, and distinct scientific and management sub-cultures (though some are fairly new and developing). Some are a fairly independent collection of research sites functioning as a network in name only, and others are truly working to develop a research synergy that could be holistic and uniquely productive. All have real scientific value, and collectively represent an investment in US research infrastructure in biology and agriculture in excess of $3B. To effectively utilize and exploit this unique research infrastructure will require a concerted effort to meld attributes of each to the benefits of their common stakeholders. Real opportunities exist to collectively utilize this infrastructure to address grand research challenges.

}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @inbook {JRN52673, title = {Management and policy implications of cross-and within-site, long-term studies}, booktitle = {Long-Term Trends in Ecological Systems: A Basis for Understanding Responses to Global Change}, year = {2013}, pages = {206-215}, publisher = {National Technical Information Services}, organization = {National Technical Information Services}, chapter = {15}, address = {Springfield, Virginia}, abstract = {

This chapter explains the implications long-term data bring to natural resource management and policy-making.\  It first explains the two perspectives of long-term data, then explains the values brought by the two perspectives to natural resource management.\  The two perspectives are retrospective and predictive:\  long-term data enable us to examine data retrospectively to identify temporal and spatial sensitivities, and to build these historical perspectives into predictive models where we can objectively evaluate potential future scenarios. The values are as follows.\  First, with the understandings gained by retrospectively examining the long-term data, the managers can develop data-based guidelines to direct the appropriate timing and application of management practices.\  Second, long term data provide the opportunity to evaluate policies and programs that have been implemented for resource conservation.\  The ability to evaluate environmental responses following policy implementation provides the data necessary to validate policies or may lead to their subsequent revision.\  Third, long term data collection provides the opportunity for clients, partners, and stakeholders to be engaged in scientific processes. These interactions create opportunities, not only for technology and information transfers, but for users to inform the science and its research directions.\  Fourth, the predictive models built based on long-term data can be used to estimate the effects of a variety of climatic and management scenarios and are critical to informed decision-making and effective communication between natural resource managers and policy makers.

}, keywords = {atmospheric chemistry, climate change, cross-site comparisons, disturbance, ecological response, ecology, ecosystem, EcoTrends, experimental forests, global change, human demography, human population growth, Long Term Ecological Research (LTER), long-term datasets, precipitation, rangeland, rangeland research stations, surface water chemistry}, url = {/files/bibliography/13-029-15.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and Joel R. Brown} } @proceedings {JRN54548, title = {Livestock production in a world with less grass}, volume = {p. 19-20}, year = {2012}, month = {05/2012}, publisher = {Wildland Shrub Symposium}, address = {Las Cruces, NM}, abstract = {The world{\textquoteright}s ice-free land surface is ~147.3x106 km2. Rangelands comprise 54\% of this area, ~80x106 km2. Only 16\%, 12.8x106 km2, of this rangeland type is classified as grassland. The predominant vegetation type is simply categorized as {\textquotedblleft}woody{\textquotedblright}, and currently covers 37.9x106 km2. Though grass dominated rangelands occur on all continents, it is wholly inaccurate to think of rangelands as characteristically {\textquotedblleft}grasslands{\textquotedblright}. In fact, the grasslands that exist are commonly in decline for a variety of reasons, though two dominant factors are the continued conversion of native landscapes to cropland and the encroachment of existing native landscapes by woody plants. Given that global cereal production is anticipated to increase by approximately 1 billion tons over the next 2 decades, the conversion of rangeland to cropland will likely continue unabated. Concurrently, continued land degradation, reduction or elimination of prescribed burning, and increased atmospheric CO2, as well as continuation of other drivers, will further promote expansion of woody plants. In parallel with these trends is the continued, stunningly rapid increase in global numbers of livestock over the past 5 decades. In 1960, global numbers of cattle, sheep and goats were ~2.4 B head. Today, global numbers of livestock are in excess of 3.0 B head. Given the escalating demands for red meat by the world{\textquoteright}s 7 B human inhabitants, especially driven by growing economies in Asia, this demand will likely not lessen. The Food and Agriculture Organization has estimated that by 2030 there will be 4.2 B head of livestock around the world. Though reliance on intensive livestock production systems has grown in recent decades, about 1/3rd of livestock worldwide are raised within extensive, grazing-based production systems. About 70\% of these animals are within rangeland systems in developing countries, a situation that contributes to the fact that 1 in 10 people around the world are engaged in animal husbandry. It should be evident that we are faced with the need to produce livestock in a world with less grass not only today, but for the decades ahead in the 21st century. This will require employing a number of management strategies that will utilize the predominately woody components of the worldwide forage base within our rangeland environments.}, author = {Kris Havstad and Richard E. Estell and D.M. Anderson and Scott T. Schrader and D. K. James and Andr{\'e}s F. Cibils} } @article {50029, title = {Essays of a Peripheral Mind: Invasions of the landscape snatchers}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, note = {Trade Journal}, pages = {52}, abstract = {Literally thousands of species have invaded the North American continent over recent centuries/millennia. Some, like creosote bush, have been here so long we do not even think of them as exotic. Others, like Kentucky bluegrass, pheasants and wine grapes are so imbedded in our native or cultivated landscapes that they are regarded as naturalized. In fact, the collapse of one, the honey bee, has created real concern and caused considerable resources to be mobilized in an effort to recover this exotic species. Some, like hemp, that were brought here for certain purposes have taken on different dimensions and create a certain madness that won{\textquoteright}t recede until we view them in a more mature and balanced light. One, the variola virus that causes small pox, has been eradicated in response to a globally organized effort. Some are relatively benign. At this time only a few dominate our thinking and our energies. In reality, one of the values of governments and government-sponsored research is the ability to coordinate and mobilize efforts across political boundaries. Our capacities today to contend with the real threats of exotic origins, like new viruses, the Asian citrus psyllid sweeping into the southern U.S., and the round goby threatening the Great Lakes, require this blending of scientific, management and policy strategies and tactics across our artificial boundaries which don{\textquoteright}t constrain these species. Without this coordination these species introductions, which a time line of invasion history teaches us are inevitable in many regards, can have severe and unacceptable impacts beyond our capacities to either mitigate or adapt.}, url = {/files/bibliography/09-032.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {50030, title = {Essays of a peripheral mind: Wyatt Earp, T.rex, and other dinosaurs}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, note = {Trade Journal}, pages = {39-40}, abstract = {There are many examples of science reforming and expanding and building on what we know in a fashion very different from what we had previously learned. The scientific method is doing exactly what it is supposed to do. We always start research from an incomplete understanding, so we interpret based on what we now know, hypothesize, and experiment. In other words, we accept the fact that we continue to learn. This is the basic adaptation in adaptively managing our resources and ourselves. There is a article published in 1996 (Rangeland Journal 18: 351-369) by the Australian scientists Watson, Burnside and Holm that addressed the issue of how science relates to the needs of natural resource managers. They discussed how scientific measurements and hypotheses should be used to support beliefs and local knowledge. They state that all knowledge is provisional, meaning that what we learn from science, from measurements and inductive logic, is provisional. That point is only partially correct. What they should really state is that all knowledge, including local knowledge and personal observations as well as science based measurement is provisional. In an effort to defend what we believe, we often resort to a tactic of pitting the art of observation against science, where we attempt to place a greater value on one form of knowledge vs another. What experience has taught us is that adaptive management in any field, including management of natural resources, is about learning and re-evaluating all forms of observation and knowledge. We need to convey to the public not only our subjective observations, but also our hypotheses and our related measurements. Both subjective local knowledge and science based knowledge are subject to incompleteness, misinterpretation, and/or inaccuracies.}, url = {/files/bibliography/09-031.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {50031, title = {Prescribed burning to affect a state transition in a shrub-encroached desert grassland}, journal = {Journal of Arid Environments}, volume = {74}, year = {2010}, month = {2010}, pages = {1324-1328}, abstract = {

Prescribed burning is a commonly advocated and historical practice for control of woody species encroachment into grasslands on all continents. However, desert grasslands of the southwestern United States often lack needed herbaceous fuel loads for effective prescriptions, dominant perennial graminoids may have poor fire tolerance, and some systems contain fire-tolerant invasive species. We examined long term vegetation responses of black grama grassland that had been invaded by honey mesquite following a single prescribed burn. Vegetation responses to a 1995 prescribed burn were evaluated in a replicated randomized complete block design with a 2x2 factorial treatment structure. Treatments were prescribed burning and livestock exclusion for both a grassland-dominated and a shrub-encroached grassland state within a complex of sandy and shallow sandy ecological sites. Vegetation responses were measured in 2008, 13 years after the burn treatment application. Neither black grama basal cover not honey mesquite canopy cover were responsive (P\<0.05) to any treatment. A single prescribed burn would be ineffective as a shrub control practice in this environment. Repeated but infrequent prescribed burning within shrub encroached vegetative states, when used in combination with managed grazing, may be the management required for a transition to desert grassland states within these ecological sites.

}, keywords = {black grama, Bouteloua eriopoda, ecological sites, mesquite control, prosopis glandulosa, rangeland restoration, sandy ecological site}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.05.035}, url = {/files/bibliography/10-017.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and D. K. James} } @article {50102, title = {Essays of a peripheral mind: Picking up rocks}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, month = {04/2009}, pages = {36-39}, chapter = {36}, abstract = {

In 2008 the Heinz Center released its report \“The State of the Nation\’s Ecosystems, 2008.\”\  The current report provides sets of assessments on the status of the nation\’s rangelands an area of approximately 1 billion acres.\  Unfortunately, on numerous occasions the report contains the phase \“Data Gap-data are not available for national reporting of an indicator.\”\  The Heinz Center attempts to employ 14 indicators to provide a national assessment of rangelands within one of the four categories of 1) extent and pattern of ecosystem area and land use, 2) chemical and physical characteristics, 3) biological components, and 4) goods and services\  Indicators are defined as specific, well-defined, and measureable variables that reflect key characteristics that can be tracked through time.\  The Heinz report likens indicators to human vital signs, such as blood pressure or cholesterol levels.\  Though indicators do not reflect the drivers behind the health of these rangelands, they can convey important characteristics of overall system health.\  This essay addresses the need to fill these data gaps.\  Without addressing these data gaps, we can not correct problems that limit the goods and serves that can be sustainably harvested from our nation\’s rangelands.

}, keywords = {Heinz, peripheral, rocks, Trade journal}, url = {/files/bibliography/09-013.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @inbook {50101, title = {The western United States rangelands, a major resource}, booktitle = {Grassland, Quietness and Strength for a New American Agriculture}, year = {2009}, month = {June 2009}, chapter = {Chapter 5}, abstract = {Rangeland is a type of land found predominantly in arid and semiarid regions, and managed as a natural ecosystem supporting vegetation of grasses, grass-like plants, forbs, or shrubs. There are approximately 761 m ac of rangeland in the United States, about 31\% of the total land area. This land type is characterized by 4 features: 1) limited by water and nutrients, primarily nitrogen (N), 2) annual production is characterized by tremendous temporal and spatial variability, 3) a nested landscape of public and private ownership, and 4) throughout their history of use these lands have been uniquely coupled systems of both people and nature. In the U.S. Department of Agriculture{\textquoteright}s 1948 Yearbook of Agriculture, the chapter on rangelands focused on a description of these lands occurring by region across the western United States, and the principles, developed mostly in the early 20th century, to manage these lands to provide the provisioning services of food and fiber through livestock grazing. In the last 60 years, these western rangelands have undergone a transformation as the U.S. population has grown to over 300 million and relocated to urban areas within the western and southwestern states. This population dynamic, along with tremendous changes in agricultural production and a reduction in the population involved in agriculture have resulted in significant changes in the uses and emphases placed upon these western lands. This land type is now often looked to provide a multitude of goods and services not only to rural populations, but also to tens of millions of people in large urban areas located within these rangelands. In this chapter it is our intent to reflect on the extent and nature of this transformation over the last 60 years. We start with a description of this human dynamic, and its sociological implications. We describe the major regions of the western continental U.S., the focal point of U.S. rangelands.}, keywords = {natural, rangeland, resource, western U.S.}, url = {/files/bibliography/09-011.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and Debra C. Peters and Allen-Diaz, B. and Brandon T Bestelmeyer and D.D. Briske and Joel R. Brown and M. Brunson and Jeffrey E. Herrick and P. Johnson and L. A. Joyce and Pieper, Rex D. and Svejcar, A.J. and Jin Yao and James Bartolome and Lynn Huntsinger} } @inbook {50218, title = {Ecosystem functions of grazing lands}, booktitle = {International Community Rangeland Mangement, People and Policy: Introducing Some Key Concepts}, year = {2008}, note = {Topic $\#$16}, month = {2008}, pages = {16}, publisher = {Ford Foundation Press}, organization = {Ford Foundation Press}, abstract = {

An ecosystem is a community of animals and plants interacting with one another and their physical environment. Rangeland ecosystems are the communities of organisms including humans, interacting with each other within environments characterized by herbaceous and/or shrubby vegetation common to arid and semi-arid regions around the world. These ecosystems occur within the grasslands of Asia, the deserts of North America, the savannas of Africa, the shrublands of Australia, the pampas of /South America, and in many other regions. Over 1 billion people live within these rangeland ecosystems. Though many goods and services from rangeland ecosystems are critically important to the 1 billion people living on or adjacent to rangeland, many of these services lack specific economic values. Few services are linked to an economic market that would create specific values, or incentives for conservation of their provisions to the public. Often values for services have been based on the known values of common goods, such as the value of rangeland for providing forage for grazing livestock. These economic values are often quite low because of the relatively low production capacities of the world\’s rangelands. However, markets for less traditional regulating services such as carbon sequestration, or cultural services such as recreation, are emerging. It will be critical that appropriate policies are implemented that provide appropriate incentives and benefits that will support the conservation of any ecosystem services as their economic values are more readily apparent and utilized.\  Irrespective of the specific arrays of goods and services provided from rangelands, a key service to rangelands will be the use of ecologically based practices to ensure their sustained resilience, or the capacity to reorganize and provide their characteristic functions, structures and feedbacks following disturbances.\  Rangelands are coupled systems of nature and humans, and proper management of these landscapes is critical to their continued supply of services and good that we request, recognized or not and appropriately valued or not.

}, keywords = {ecosystem, grazing, rangelands, shrubland}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {50221, title = {Essays of a peripheral mind: An opinion on policy}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, month = {12/2008}, pages = {42-44}, type = {Trade Journal}, chapter = {42}, keywords = {essays, grazing, opinion, peripheral, policy, Trade journal}, url = {/files/bibliography/08-044.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {50219, title = {Essays of a peripheral mind: Authentic frontier gibberish}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {30}, number = { 2}, year = {2008}, month = {April 2008}, abstract = {The most interesting and intriguing general hypotheses currently being tested within the rangeland science profession are hypotheses related to 1) threshold-resilience (i.e., models which attempt to more explicitly characterize rangeland dynamics through detailing coupled impacts of disturbance to both vegetation and soils), 2) scaling i.e., effects of disturbance which recognize that both time and space can have differential and confounding effects on system response to those disturbances), and 3) indicators (i.e., the detection of components of ecological properties that are related to key community or landscape processes that can be used in assessment and monitoring. The broad objectives of the above 3 mentioned general hypotheses are actually now new. For example, for decades we have tried to understand effects of livestock grazing at pasture, allotment and ranch scales, and have worked to develop techniques to assess and monitor rangelands. What is important about the newer hypotheses is that they reflect efforts to reinterpret the familiar, to continue to discover the hidden realities of these systems, to advance efforts to connect observations to explanations.}, keywords = {authentic, essays, frontier, gibberish, peripheral mind, trade}, url = {/files/bibliography/08-015.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {50220, title = {Essays of a peripheral mind: Creative destruction}, journal = {Rangelands}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {02/01/2008}, pages = {29-32}, abstract = {Since the 1950s the population of the western US has grown by more than 46 million people, and is projected to grow by an additional 20 million or so by 2025. The increased stress on the region{\textquoteright}s natural resources, especially water (for recent descriptions of this stress see: http://www.npr.org/programs/atc/features/2003/aug/water/ or http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/magazine/21water-t.html?_r=1\&oref=slogin), and the resulting impacts on these landscapes and its species, are well recognized. Yet, the extent to which this population increase has driven a transition of these regional rangelands from providing the classic provisioning services of food and fiber from livestock grazing to a much more diverse non agricultural set of goods and services is often not so readily grasped. The extent of this transition is driven home by an array of available statistics that reflect these changes (for a more complete description of rural transformations in America see the 2006 Carsey Institute Report at: http://www.carseyinstitute.unh.edu/documents/Demographics_complete_file.pdf). For example only 25\% of western US non metro counties (72 counties of 286) have a principal economic dependency on agriculture, a number that is strongly influenced by just one state {\textendash} Montana. Increasingly, these non metro areas are destinations for both recreation and retirement (over 47\% of these counties are either retirement or recreation destinations, or both). The western U.S. has shifted from a rural to a metro based population with rural economics dependent on non-agricultural enterprises. Sustainable use of the natural resources of the western U.S. will now need to reflect the goods and services demanded by a non-agricultural oriented population.}, keywords = {creative, destruction, essays, mind, peripheral, trade}, url = {/files/bibliography/08-016.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {50215, title = {Essays of a peripheral mind: Desperately creative acts}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {30}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, month = {October 1, 2008}, pages = {25-28}, abstract = {This article focuses on New Mexico rangelands and some of the more progressive resource management collaborations that are at home in the Land of Enchantment. These examples can be viewed as experiments, and they are experimental in a sense that they may still fail or reform in face of experience. These examples have several common threads, including people strongly linked to rangelands, often unusual or nontraditional alliances, and efforts often scrutinized, if not criticized. They represent collective risks, but risks seen as necessary to advance resource management beyond its current stasis. In fact, to some extent, these can be seen as acts of desperation, where some unseen threshold of necessity had been breached and the need for another management model was required. The people directly involved in these efforts may cringe, if not loudly object, to having their collaboration depicted as desperate. Yet, these creative acts each represent something other than the norm, and required considerable effort to emerge as viable resource management models against the norm. Each developed and emerged in a very different fashion. One came out of the political world, one came out of a chance encounter, and one came out of a rural community of people sitting down and talking. Obviously, experiments like these can precipitate out of many different reactants and crucibles.}, keywords = {essays, peripheral mind, resource management, trade}, url = {/files/bibliography/09-012.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {50216, title = {Essays of a peripheral mind: The range problem in New Mexico}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {June 30, 2008}, pages = {56-58}, abstract = {This essay reviews the 1908 report on the condition of rangelands in New Mexico written by Elmer Ottis Wooton. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the central recommendation in that report which encouraged a federally based system of land resource management. The premise of this review is that this recommendation was inappropriate, and that management of lands that are strongly shaped by humans should be in the hands of those people living on these rangelands. The increasing frequency of locally-driven, community-based management groups in the western U.S. reflects the value of a non-federal system of management practices and applications.}, keywords = {essays, New Mexico, peripheral, range problem}, url = {/files/bibliography/08-018.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {50222, title = {Mongolia{\textquoteright} s rangelands: Is livestock production the key to the future?}, journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment}, volume = {6}, year = {2008}, month = {September 2008}, pages = {386-391}, abstract = {Approximately half of the world{\textquoteright}s land areas is rangeland. Over 1.5 billion people live on or immediately adjacent to this land type. Common to these rangelands are over 1 billion domesticated animals, primarily cattle, sheep and goats that are managed by pastoralists. The ruminant digestive system common to these livestock species evolved over 20 million years ago and is a mutualistic digestive system that break cellulose bonds to free masses of metabolizable energy present it the nature and introduced forages of these rangelands. Approximately 10\% of eh world{\textquoteright}s population are pastoralists, and many of these people live at poverty levels. However, these landscapes can also provide additional goods and services other than food and fiber. This manuscript is a viewpoint article that debates the capacity of pastoralists, specifically those in Mongolia, to develop other goods and services in order to increase their standard of living while maintaining a sustained capacity to produce food and fiber A key need for managing a diverse set of goods and services form any landscape, including grasslands, of Mongolia, is knowledge of the values of alternative ecosystem services and their resulting economic opportunities. This knowledge is unavailable at this time except for a few services with market opportunities.}, keywords = {future, journal, livestock, Mongolia, rangeland}, url = {/files/bibliography/08-035.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and Jeffrey E. Herrick and Tseelei, E.A.} } @proceedings {50217, title = {Strategies for sustaining multiple ecosystem services from rangelands}, volume = {II}, year = {2008}, month = {June 30 - July 5}, pages = {1094}, address = {Hohhot, China}, abstract = {The application of natural resource science to both management needs and policy formation has been spotty, at best. Interestingly, rangeland science had an early history of closely supporting management needs and USA rangeland policies during the early 20th century. This history of support unraveled during the mid part of the 20th century as the science failed to address increasingly relevant socioeconomic factors, and rangelands were sought to provide other services beyond food and fiber. Recently, rangeland science has again been coupled to management and policy. Sustaining any combination of goods and services from rangelands requires that linkages among science, management and policy be well established and functional. An analysis of this history of the coupling, uncoupling and then recoupling of rangeland science with both management and USA rangeland policies may provide useful insights for sustained use of these resources.}, keywords = {ecosystem, management, multiple, policy, proceedings, rangelands, strategies, sustaining}, url = {/files/bibliography/08-032.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and Joel R. Brown and Jeffrey E. Herrick and Debra C. Peters and E.L. Fredrickson and Brandon T Bestelmeyer and Pieper, Rex D.} } @conference {50337, title = {Conservation of resources for sustainable ecosystems: a dialogue on connecting science, policy, and management}, booktitle = {Society for Range Management, 60th Annual Meeting and Trade Show}, year = {2007}, note = {202776 duplicate. Use 209003 for reporting purposes}, month = {February 9-16, 2}, pages = {Paper No. 189}, address = {Reno/Sparks, NV}, abstract = {For over a century rangeland science has focused, with varying degrees of success, on issues of sustainable goods and services. Our goal in this paper is to analyze this research history for insights into how best to link science, policy, and management of natural resources. We describe three broad periods of rangeland science during the 20th century: 1) a Utilitarian period of the early 20th century where science was closely linked to livestock management use and grazing related policies, followed by 2) a Decoupled Period where science schizophrenically worked to serve disparate management and policy emphases of optimal yields of traditional products and identifying ecological limits and alternative ecological services, and 3) a Reconnection Period where science is slowly redefining the linkages to policy and management as fundamental ecological paradigms have changed and new management tools and policy goals are being developed. During this third period the uses and users of science have changed (both in interest and sophistication) and broadened. The three key, overriding science goals of relevance, impact, and transparency, for all fields of applied ecology have acquired new dimensions during this last Period. Given our current ecological understanding of rangelands, relevance now requires experimental approaches that span multiple spatial and temporal scales. Impact today also requires establishing improved connections to and, in some cases, direct involvement of users in the conduct of that science. Finally, continued public trust requires that all aspects of that scientific method, including data and their analyses and interpretations, need to be open and accessible. Unless we can integrate these new dimensions into our practice of rangeland science, we will not be supported by either managers or policy makers.}, keywords = {management, natural resources, policy, science, sustainable}, author = {Kris Havstad and Joel R. Brown and Debra C. Peters and Brandon T Bestelmeyer and E.L. Fredrickson and Pieper, Rex D. and Jeffrey E. Herrick} } @article {50344, title = {Ecological Services to and from rangelands of the United States}, journal = {Ecological Economics}, volume = {64}, number = {64}, year = {2007}, month = {November 2007}, pages = {261-268}, abstract = {

The over 300 million ha of public and private rangelands in the United States are characterized by low and variable precipitation, nutrient-poor soils, and high spatial and temporal variability in plant production. This land type has provided a variety of goods and services, with the provisioning of food and fiber dominating through much of the 20th century. More recently, food production from a rangeland-based livestock industry is often pressured for a variety of reasons, including poor economic returns, increased regulations, an aging rural population, and increasingly diverse interests of land owners. A shift to other provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services is occurring with important implications for carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and conservation incentives. There are numerous goods and services possible from rangelands that can supply societal demands such as clean water and a safe food supply. The use of ecologically-based principles of land management remains at the core of the ability of private land owners and public land managers to provide these existing and emerging services. We suggest that expectations need to be based on a thorough understanding of the diverse potentials of these lands and their inherent limits. A critical provisioning service to rangelands will be management practices that either maintain ecological functions or that restore functions to systems that have been substantially degraded over past decades. With proper incentives and economic benefits, rangelands, in the U.S. or globally, can be expected to provide these historical and more unique goods and services in a sustainable fashion, albeit in different proportions than in the past.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, carbon sequentration, conservation, ecological remediation, incentives, natural ecosystems, provisioning services}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.12.001}, url = {/files/bibliography/07-031.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and Debra C. Peters and R. K. Skaggs and Joel R. Brown and Brandon T Bestelmeyer and E.L. Fredrickson and Jeffrey E. Herrick and J. Wright} } @conference {50335, title = {Ecosystem Services from U.S. Rangelands: A Synthesis}, booktitle = {Society for Range Management Meeting Abstracts}, year = {2007}, abstract = {The over 300 million ha of public and private rangelands in the United States are characterized by low and variable precipitation, nutrient-poor soils, and high spatial and temporal variability in plant production. This land type has provided a variety of goods and services, with the provisioning of food and fiber dominating through much of the 20th century. More recently, food production from a rangeland-based livestock industry is often pressured for a variety of reasons, including poor economic returns, increased regulations, an aging rural population, residential development, and increasingly diverse interests of land owners. A shift to other provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services is occurring with important implications for carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and conservation incentives. There are numerous goods and services possible from rangelands that can supply societal demands such as clean water and a safe food supply. The use of ecologically-based principles of land management remains at the core of the ability of private land owners and public land managers to provide these existing and emerging services. We suggest that expectations need to be based on a thorough understanding of the diverse potentials of these lands and their inherent limits. A critical provisioning service to rangelands will be management practices that either maintain ecological functions or that restores functions to systems that have been substantially degraded over past decades. With proper incentives and economic benefits, rangelands, in the U.S. or globally, can be expected to provide both historical provisioning and more unique goods and services in a sustainable fashion, albeit in different proportions than in the past.}, keywords = {ecosystem, rangeland}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @conference {50338, title = {Ecosystem services to and from North American arid grasslands}, booktitle = {IV Simposium Internacional de Pastezales}, year = {2007}, month = {August 22-24, 20}, pages = {1}, address = {San Luis Potosi, Mexico}, abstract = {Arid grasslands throughout North America are characterized by low and variable precipitation, nutrient-poor soils, and high spatial and temporal variability in plant production. These grasslands have provided a variety of goods and services, with the provisioning of food and fiber dominating through much of the 20th century. More recently, poor economic returns, increased regulations, an aging rural population, expanding urbanization, and/or increasingly diverse interests of land owners have pressured the traditional services originating from the rangeland livestock industry. A shift to other provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services has occurred or is occurring in many regions. This shift has important implications for other services of increasing interest, such as biodiversity and carbon sequestration. We have always recognized that these lands can supply societal demands such as clean water and a safe food supply. Irrespective of the services and goods supplied, the use of ecologically-based principles remains at the core of land management. However, expectations need to be based on a thorough understanding of the inherent limits of these lands. One service to these lands that needs to be provided by managers is the use of practices that either maintains ecological functions or that restores functions to systems that have been substantially degraded over past decades. With proper policies, supporting science, and ecologically based management techniques, these grasslands may provide these historical and more unique goods and services in a sustainable fashion, though in different proportions than in the past.}, keywords = {grasslands, North America}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {50340, title = {Essays of a peripheral mind: Art and Science}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, note = {Trade Journal}, month = {February 28, 200}, pages = {36-38}, abstract = {An important new technology for management of rangelands is a state-and-transition model. This is a description of the vegetation communities that may occupy an ecological site, a kind of land with similar potential and response to management. These models, developed by people with experience and knowledge of specific ecological sites, represents what a site may have supported in the past, or possibly what a site can be managed for in the future. These models represent both the science of rangeland management and human interpretations (or artistic expressions) that are of value. Rangeland management is correctly viewed as a combination of both art in management and a science based on recorded observations.}, keywords = {art, essay, hooper, mind, nighthawks, peripheral, science}, url = {/files/bibliography/07-003.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {50336, title = {Essays of a peripheral mind: Faith}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, note = {Trade Journal}, month = {June 1, 2007}, pages = {59-60}, abstract = {Recently, the range management profession has been debating the advantages and disadvantages of rotational livestock grazing systems. Despite the lack of scientifically-based evidence in support of the benefits of rotational grazing in arid and semiarid environments, these systems are often promoted as ecologically and economically menial, or even counterproductive in some settings. Much of the promotion of these systems is based on personal observations, or beliefs, and not evidence drawn from experimental evidence. Rangeland management has always been described as an art and a science, and the strength of one{\textquoteright}s conviction are often based on both.}, keywords = {essay, faith, peripheral mind}, url = {/files/bibliography/07-019.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {50343, title = {Essays of a peripheral mind: Framing a story}, journal = {Rangelands}, year = {2007}, note = {Trade Journal}, month = {August 1, 2007}, abstract = {It is increasingly important to recognize that scientists can not just resort to conveying technical information on complex subjects. Scientists need to frame their information in both relevant and personal ways to capture the public{\textquoteright}s attention. Without that attention, there will be little interest in our findings, and little opportunity to effectively communicate information. The findings have to be framed in a fashion that will capture the initial attention of the reader to pursue the subject. Then, the scientist needs to effectively convey the complexities of those findings. Framing our research results in this fashion is a different style of communication than we typically employ, but essential if we are going to compete for the public{\textquoteright}s attention in a world driven by visualized digital communications.}, keywords = {peripheral, story}, url = {/files/bibliography/07-027.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {50345, title = {Essays of a peripheral mind: Nei4 Meng2gu3, Zhong1 Guo2}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {29}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, note = {Trade Journal}, month = {October 2007}, pages = {43-46}, abstract = {Inner Mongolia, China is the site of the 2008 International Rangeland Congress. There are over 500 million acres of grasslands in northern China. This is one of the largest remaining areas in the world still predominately used for livestock grazing. Over 20\% of these grasslands occur in Inner Mongolia. This region has an extensive recorded history of livestock grazing management defining to the 13th Century. Though the political, cultural, and economic characteristics of this region in China are distinctively different than the western world, there are many commonalities. These Asian rangeland landscapes are similar to the west, and scientific concepts and management principles originating from this region have application in the west.}, keywords = {China, Inner Mongolia}, url = {/files/bibliography/07-035.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {50342, title = {Essays of a peripheral mind: Speaking other languages}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, note = {Trade Journal}, month = {April 15, 2007}, pages = {65-66}, abstract = {Mongolian rangelands have been used for livestock production for hundreds of years. A pastoralist culture has been a key aspect of Mongolia throughout its 800-year history. Approximately 65\% of Mongolia{\textquoteright}s rural herders live at or below the poverty line, and there are few opportunities to improve resource conditions or economic returns. Yet, Mongolia is rebuilding its resource management profession following the withdrawal and collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1990s. This essay is about the work of one Mongolian soil scientist and his efforts to work to stop resource degradation and to improve the condition of Mongolian rangelands.}, keywords = {essays, languages, Mongolia, peripheral, soil scientist}, url = {/files/bibliography/07-036.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @conference {50339, title = {Managing multi-scale diversity to support multiple ecosystem services in complex landscapes}, booktitle = {Ecological Complexity and Sustainability Abstracts of EcoSummit 2007}, year = {2007}, month = {May 22-26, 2007}, pages = {115 CD-ROM}, address = {Beijing, China}, abstract = {Landscapes around the world are undergoing dramatic changes in response to agricultural intensification, expansion, and abandonment. These changes can simultaneously increase and reduce diversity at different scales. The objective of this paper is to explore the relative importance of the nature, scale and pattern of these changes in determining the effects of land use change (LUC) on ecosystem services including food and fiber production, soil and water conservation and carbon sequestration. We will briefly describe three case studies that illustrate the value of considering diversity at multiple scales when assess the effects of LUC in global agroecosystems. These case studies include (1) expansion and mechanization of quinoa production in the southern altiplano of Bolivia, (2) adoption of an agroforestry system in western Honduras and the potential effects of increased livestock use of crop residues, and (3) agricultural land abandonment and changes inland use patterns in northern Mexico. We will also consider how studying the effects of land use changes at different scales can lead to very different conclusions about their effects on different ecosystem services.}, keywords = {diversity, ecosystem, landscapes, LUC, natur, scale}, author = {Kris Havstad and Jeffrey E. Herrick and Brandon T Bestelmeyer and Huber-Sannwald, B.T. and Liberman, M. and M. Ayarza and Joel R. Brown and J. F. Reynolds} } @conference {50341, title = {New frontiers for ecosystem services}, booktitle = {60th Annual Meetings and Trade Show, Society for Range Management}, year = {2007}, month = {February 9, 2007}, pages = {Paper No. 188}, address = {Reno/Sparks, NV}, abstract = {The over 300 million ha of public and private rangelands in the United States are characterized by low and variable precipitation, nutrient-poor soils, and high spatial and temporal variability in plant production. This land type has provided a variety of goods and services, with the provisioning of food and fiber dominating through much of the 20th Century. More recently, food production from a rangeland-based livestock industry is often pressured for a variety of reasons, including poor economic returns, increased regulations, an aging rural population, residential development, and increasingly diverse interests of land owners. A shift to other provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services is occurring with important implications for carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and conservation incentives. There are numerous goods and services possible from rangelands that can supply societal demands such as clean water and a safe food supply. The use of ecologically-based principles of land management remains at the core of the ability of private land owners and public land managers to provide these existing and emerging services. We suggest that expectations need to be based on a thorough understanding of the diverse potentials of these lands and their inherent limits. With proper incentives and economic benefits, rangelands, in the U.S. or globally, can be expected to provide both historical provisioning and more unique goods and services in a sustainable fashion, albeit in different proportions than in the past.}, keywords = {precipitation, private, public, rangeland}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @conference {50447, title = {Ecosystem Services from Grazed Rangeland in the Arid and Semi-Arid West}, booktitle = {American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meetings}, year = {2006}, month = {February 16-20, }, pages = {A 5}, address = {St. Louis, MO}, abstract = {Over 500 million acres of public and private rangelands are in the western United States. These diverse environments also provide wildlife habitat (including for species listed as threatened or endangered), regulate water flow and quality, make available outdoor recreation, and preserve open spaces for expanding urban environments. Under careful management, livestock grazing can produce drastically fewer negative impacts on eocsystem services and remarkable positive impacts as well. However, appropriate management practices by ranchers are the key to providing these additional ecosystem services from over 25\% of the land surface of the United States.}, keywords = {endangered, rangelands, threatened, wildlife}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @conference {50449, title = {Effectiveness of Grazing Systems - A Snythesis of Evidence}, booktitle = {Society for Range Management 59th Annual Meeting and Trade Show}, year = {2006}, month = {February 12-17, }, pages = {158}, address = {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}, abstract = {The general body of evidence in support of the use of grazing systems for sustained production from and health of rangelands is underwhelming, at best. This is despite decades of scientific investigations, conservation programs, and textbook promotion of grazing systems as logical components of rangeland management. In early 20th Century North America, control over grazing was initially touted to regulate seasonal initiation and distribution of grazing. In this sense, grazing systems were delayed turn-out dates, salting and water placements, and herding practices. These systems morphed into more infrastructure and intensive practices built across landscapes to control periods of animal access and more evenly distribute grazing pressure. However, research and observation have shown that access to increasingly large areas of land ameliorates quality of available forages, and at any point in time foraging behaviors are consistently species-specific, as 4-6 plant species will comprise the bulk of an animal{\textquoteright}s diet. The papers in this symposium will illustrate that 1) minimal documentation exists that confirms pasture level controls over this specificity for plant species will actually affect the status of the land or of the grazing animal, and 2) the confounding influence of the extensive heterogeneity inherent within native rangelands constrains the effectiveness of traditional, short-term reductionist experimentation. Unsubstantiated rationales for adoption of these practices by practitioners further contribute to a restrained regard for grazing systems. Management of grazing is less about structural pasture-level controls over tiller and individual plant defoliation by livestock, and more about implementation of a suite of strategies that diversify tillers, species, and patches available for defoliation.}, keywords = {grazing systems, health, sustained production}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {50453, title = {Essays of a peripheral mind: Clean and simple, but stupid}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, note = {Trade Journal}, month = {December 2006}, pages = {22-23}, abstract = {Rangelands of the U.S. are still providing basic provisionary sciences, such as food production, that they have over the past 150 years. However, these services are diminishing as Americans demand other products form these landscapes. This essay discusses a specific example of the demand for recreation that is having an important impact on the use of rangelands in California{\textquoteright}s Central Valley. Because of the unnecessary use of rangelands by the general public, professional technical organizations need to work more closely with these newer areas to communicate the principles for managing these rangelands to support these newer goods and services.}, keywords = {California Central Valley}, url = {/files/bibliography/06-038.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @inbook {50451, title = {Grazing Livestock Management in an Arid Environment}, booktitle = {Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem: The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site}, year = {2006}, month = {July 1, 2006}, pages = {266-277}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, chapter = {13}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The history of livestock grazing in the Jornada Basin of southern New Mexico is a relatively recent story, but one of profound implications. For four centuries this region has supported a rangeland livestock industry, initially sheep, goats, and cattle, but primarily beef cattle for the past 130 years. Throughout this brief history of a domesticated ruminant in an ecosystem without a significant presence of large hoofed mammals as part of its evolutionary development, the livestock industry has continually grappled with high degrees of temporal and spatial variation in forage production. Management of this consumptive use, whether during Spanish, Mexican, United States Territorial, United States federal, or New Mexican governments, has constantly reaffirmed the need for grazing management to be flexible and responsive to the stress of droughts. The history of anecdotal experiences has been more recently augmented by scientific investigations first initiated in 1915. This chapter outlines the general history of livestock in this region, the historical specifics of ranching in the Jornada Basin, and resulting principles of grazing management derived from nearly a century of studies on grazing by large, domesticated herbivores.}, keywords = {Chihuahuan Desert, grazing, Jornada Basin, livestock management, LTER, synthesis book}, url = {/files/bibliography/06-064.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and E.L. Fredrickson and L. Huenneke}, editor = {Kris Havstad and L. Huenneke and W. H. Schlesinger} } @inbook {50448, title = {Introduction}, booktitle = {Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem: The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site}, year = {2006}, month = {July 1, 2006}, pages = {3-14}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, chapter = {1}, address = {New York, NY}, abstract = {Arid lands throughout the world, including lands at the border of arid regions, are increasingly subject to human impact, leading to degradation of soils, losses of plant production, and a diminished economic potential to support human populations. Focusing on the human impact and consequent losses in economic potential, we often call these changes \"desertification.\" With the potential for global climate change, however, the definition of desertification and its potential must be expanded. Indeed, the 1992 United Nations\’ Desertification Convention defined desertification as \"land degradation in arid, semiarid and dry subhumid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities.\" It is more recently recognized that desertification involves human and environmental drivers but is a symptom evident at regional spatial scales that emerges from degradation at finer spatial scales. Assertions relative to an updated and revised paradigm regarding desertification have been developed. In l981, a group of scientists based in Las Cruces, New Mexico, and associated with New Mexico State University proposed a program of long-term ecological research in the Jornada Basin of southern New Mexico (USA) to gain a better understanding of processes that determine the structure and function of desert ecosystems. To an extent, this book represents both a synthesis of that effort and a benchmark of our progress over the last 23 years. In addition, this book draws on a longer history of research in the Jornada Basin that dates back to the early part of the twentieth century. Both the group and its mission have evolved since 1981, but an initial motivation for our studies was the dramatic, historic records of vegetation change in the Jornada.}, keywords = {Chihuahuan Desert, introduction, Jornada Basin, LTER, synthesis book}, url = {/files/bibliography/06-052.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and W. H. Schlesinger}, editor = {Kris Havstad and L. Huenneke and W. H. Schlesinger} } @inbook {50454, title = {Productivity and Desertification 2006}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Science}, year = {2006}, pages = {1375-1377}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {50452, title = {Selected Essays on Science, Rangelands, and Roles of the Society for Range Management, Volume II}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {28}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, pages = {35-38}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {This is a second set of essays that address topics of concern to rangeland science, and the profession of rangeland management. This set of essays primarily focuses on phenomena related to climate change. There are many recent reports where changes in climate at regional to global scales have been quantified. For example, warming during the winter months of the Earth{\textquoteright}s Antarctic troposphere has been observed at 0.5-0.7 degrees C per decade over the last 30 years. Recent studies have also documented dramatic increases in discharges of glaciers tied to polar ice sheets in both the northern and southern hemispheres. Most of these changes re presumed to be linked to present level of atmospheric carbon dioxide of 380 parts per million, up from the preindustrial level of the 19th Century of 290 ppm. The USDA, Agricultural Research Service, as well as other research programs in the western US, are addressing objectives for adapting to dynamic environments. There are a number of current research projects generating data sets related to coping with drought, contending with shifting vegetation structure and composition, plant responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 levels, and relationships of vegetation to water yields. These projects will be crucial for informing adaptation of policies and resource management in response to changing climates.}, keywords = {climate change, global scales, rangeland management, rangeland science}, doi = {10.2111/1551-501X(2006)28[35:SEOSRA]2.0.CO;2}, url = {/files/bibliography/06-043.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @booklet {50450, title = {Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem: The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site}, year = {2006}, month = {July 1, 2006}, pages = {492}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {New York, NY}, abstract = {

This book is a synthesis of the arid rangeland research conducted in southern New Mexico for nearly a century. The Jornada Basin is truly a long-term research site, and this history is reflected in the databases described in many of the chapters in this book. Research in this basin formally began in 1912 with the creation by Presidential Order within the US Department of Agriculture of the 77,000-ha Jornada Range Reserve. Early publications, primarily USDA bulletins or journal articles in Ecology and the Botanical Gazette, appeared in print beginning in 1917. Researchers such as C.L. Forsling, J.T. Jardine, R.S. Campbell, and R.H. Canfield authored many of these early works, which are both classics in rangeland management and part of the foundation of studies decades later. The creation in 1927 of the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (initially known as the College Ranch) under the jurisdiction of New Mexico State University on 24,000 ha adjacent to the Jornada Range established the 101,000-ha area for long-term research in the basin that operates today. This history of research during the early twentieth century had numerous themes. Much of the early emphasis was on management related to agricultural production. Many of the principles that have been developed about livestock grazing management and rangeland improvement practices in the southwestern US and for arid lands in general can be traced to studies in the Jornada Basin. Yet, during these earlier decades there were also classic papers published on vegetation dynamics, resource redistribution, and small-mammal ecology. Over 40 years ago the first interdisciplinary studies were initiated; these studies served as a forerunner for the collaborative studies of the International Biological Programme (IBP) of the 1970s and those of the Jornada Basin that continue today. This 18-chapter book concludes with a description of future research for important issues in the twenty-first century

}, keywords = {Chihuahuan Desert, ecosystem, Jornada Basin, LTER, synthesis book}, url = {files/bibliography/JRN00461.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and L. Huenneke and W. H. Schlesinger}, editor = {Kris Havstad and L. Huenneke and W. H. Schlesinger} } @conference {50554, title = {Challenges and advances toward sustained utilization of arid USA systems}, booktitle = {The Summaries for International Symposium: Sustainable Utilization of Indigenous Plant and Animal Genetic Resources in the Mediterranean Region}, year = {2005}, month = {October 14-16, 2}, pages = {6}, address = {Bosnia and Herzegovina}, abstract = {Sustainable use of renewable resources in arid USA systems requires large amounts of land because productivity is generally very low. As a result, there are a great variety of soil types, vegetation, and land tenure within any land use enterprise. The sensitivity of soils and vegetation to overuse and their ability to recover when use levels are reduced varies among different types of soil and vegetation. In addition, land use goals and legal restrictions differ among the private, state, federal, and tribal tenure types. This spatial variation presents significant challenges to the planning, implementation and monitoring efforts needed to achieve sustainable use of these resources. General principles and conceptual models are now being developed and employed to address these challenges and to highlight areas that require additional research. These principles and models need to be applied at site and landscape spatial scales and should be based on realistic characterizations and predictions. One important principle is the need to incorporate local indigenous knowledge into these characterizations for effective management. On-the-ground application of these models will maximize chances of sustainable use through closer and more effective interactions among scientists, stewards, and producers.}, keywords = {indigenous, mediterranean, renewable, sustainable, vegetation}, author = {Kris Havstad and M.P. McClaran} } @conference {50555, title = {Research application of ecological sites and their further development}, booktitle = {Society for Range Management, 58th Annual Meeting and Trade Show}, year = {2005}, month = {February 5, 2005}, pages = {Paper No. 162}, address = {Fort Worth, TX}, abstract = {A general science paradigm for rangeland research includes three basic elements: (1) identification of key basic principles of the biophysical world, (2) development of testable explanations (e.g., models) of the biophysical world based on those principles, and (3) experimentally gathered, georeferenced information to expand and apply explanations to management relevant problems at scales that operate in real time. Within this paradigm is the recognition of three key properties of rangelands relevant to current research questions: rangelands (1) exhibit threshold behaviors in response to various drivers, (2) exhibit temporal and spatial variability in these responses, and (3) exhibit these responses within a landscape context. An ecological site basis for field research provides a useful framework for both acknowledging the importance of these principles and adhering to this paradigm. Spatially relevant and ecologically robust site descriptions of a research landscape provide a clear and repeatable basis for evaluating measured responses and a means to extrapolate those responses to similar conditions and landscapes in other areas.}, keywords = {ecological sites, models, rangeland research, research application, site descriptions}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {50556, title = {Selected Essays on Science, Rangelands, and Roles of the Society for Range Management}, journal = {Rangelands}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, month = {December 27, 200}, pages = {24-28}, abstract = {We are members of a field profession. As a scientist, I am also a member of a profession based on the written word. Often, unfortunately, in writing about this field, our chosen words often reflect the perpetual nature of the environment; dry, dusty, and typically sparse. Maybe it is part of the nature of objective scientific writing. The following collection of nine short essays has been written over recent years as an alternative to this more xeric verbage. Mostly, these have been written to be buried on the 3rd page of an obscure SRM section newsletter. A few have appeared in the SRM Member Resource News. It is my impression that these essays have been read by two people - and I, and another person who thinks I am of questionable intellect and can\&$\#$39;t wait to read my latest rambling as further proof of his conviction, and who then shares his reasoning with me. I have assembled these into a single collection here to offer an array of viewpoints for readers of Rangelands. These viewpoints range form perspectives on the sufficiency of our science to cultural statements expressed within a dairy parlor in China. The central thread is probably best summed as a passion for the profession occasionally tempered by a sense of humor for my minor role in that profession. http://www.srmjournals.org/archive/1551-501X/27/6/pdf/i1551-501X-27-6-24.pdf}, keywords = {management, range, range management, rangelands, science, viewpoints}, url = {/files/bibliography/05-018.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @conference {50664, title = {Impacts of livestock grazing in sagebrush ecosystems}, booktitle = {89th Annual Meeting, Ecological Society of America}, year = {2004}, month = {August 1-6, 2004}, pages = {Abstract p. 210}, address = {Portland, OR }, abstract = {Differential impacts of grazing by domestic livestock as a function of stocking rates (land area/animal numbers/time) on western rangelands have been recognized for decades. In the sagebrush steppe the general impacts of chronically excessive stocking rates are typically negative, long lasting, and usually complicated by concurrent episodic disturbances (such as drought, fire, and species introductions). There are numerous general theories on the role of large ungulates in shaping rangeland systems and, though domestication has altered some behaviors of their historic predecessors, inherent foraging behaviors of livestock are similar to other wild ungulates. Today, the issues surrounding grazing impacts by livestock revolve less around excessive uses and more about chronic direct and indirect impacts of preference, presence, and pattern of use. This review will acknowledge the well-recognized impacts of excessive use, describe associated impacts (such as landscape fragmentation, predator control, and encroaching or invasive species), and characterize the more pervasive direct and indirect impacts of managed grazing on sagebrush steppe rangelands.}, keywords = {impacts, livestock grazing, managed grazing, rangelands, sagebrush ecosystems, stocking rates}, author = {Kris Havstad and Vavra, M.} } @proceedings {50777, title = {Long-term dynamics of a degraded arid shrubland: Delayed responses and the importance of spatial processes}, year = {2003}, month = {July 26-August 1}, pages = {353-355}, address = {Durban, South Africa}, abstract = {Many studies in rangelands are conducted over time periods that are too short to capture the inherent spatial and temporal variability of these systems. Extreme or pulse events that result in infrequent responses are one example that requires long-term data, but delayed responses are another that are less well-studied. Our objective was to examine the response of Chihuahuan Desert rangelands following the removal of shrubs and lagomorphs over a period of >60 years in order to capture both extreme events and delayed responses to those events. Three blocks of 16 21.3 x 21.3 m plots were established in 1938-39 to evaluate vegetation dynamics in response to shrub removal and lagomorph exclusion. Basal cover of perennial grass species did respond to treatments, especially shrub removal treatments. However, there were two important observations relative to these quantified responses. First, differences were not evident for at least 50 years. Spatially explicit processes, such as seed dispersal into these experimental plots from adjoining areas, were likely the important constraint on reestablishment of perennial grasses. Second, the temporal variability in basal cover of grasses and canopy cover of shrubs in control plots illustrate the inherent dynamics of this arid shrubland. An extreme extended drought period occurred from 12 to 17 years after the experiment was established. This climatic variability masked treatment responses until nearly 50 years after they were first implemented. In this system, we do not appreciate possible effects of vegetation management practices until they are examined during and following episodic, extreme, and acute disturbances that characterize this environment.}, url = {/files/bibliography/03-032.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and Debra C. Peters and L. W. Murray} } @article {50778, title = {Long-term ecological monitoring}, journal = {Arid Land Research and Management}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, month = {October 1, 2003}, pages = {389-400}, abstract = {The intent of long-term monitoring is to document changes in important properties of biological communities. At the least, a long-term monitoring system should be designed to detect long-term trends in three key attributes: soil and site stability, hydrologic function, and the biotic integrity of the system. There are four basic guidelines for developing integrated soil-vegetation monitoring systems for rangelands. These are (1) identifying a suite of indicators which are consistently correlated with the functional status of one or more critical ecosystem processes and/or properties, (2) selecting base indicator on site-specific objectives and resource concerns and inherent soil and site characteristics, (3) using spatial variability in developing and interpreting indicators to make them more representative of ecological processes, and (4) interpreting indicators in the context of an understanding of dynamic, nonlinear ecological processes. To the extent possible, indicators should reflect early changes in ecological processes and indicate that a more significant change is likely to occur. In addition to these guidelines, measurements included in long-term monitoring systems should be rapidly applied, simple to understand, inexpensive to use, and quantitatively repeatable.}, url = {http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/media/m3t1fartxndvtn6ugxuq/contributions/8/d/7/u/8d7uxtp8vpt4tqku.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and Jeffrey E. Herrick} } @inbook {50878, title = {Animal Husbandry}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Global Change}, volume = {I}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {39-42}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, address = {New York, NY}, abstract = {Animal agriculture has evolved with the growth of the human population from 4 million people 10,000 years before the present (ybp) to the 5.85 billion people that occupy the world today. Domestication of a relatively few of the available mammalian species initially occurred in conjunction with climatic, cultural and societal changes at the end of the last ice age - the Wisconsin deglaciation. Agrarian-based communities developed independently around the world, and animal husbandry practices became common. Today, despite tremendous technological advances in genetics (e.g., cloning), physiological manipulations (e.g., artificial insemination) and nutritional provisions (e.g., high quality harvested forages), there are still only a few domesticated species used in animal agriculture, and traditional animal husbandry practices are still universally applied. In 1996, the world population of domesticated grazing livestock was approximately 3.3 billion, an increase of 1.1 billion during the last five decades despite a relatively constant total amount of grazeable land. The bulk of this increase during the last half of the 20th century is due to a near doubling of cattle, sheep and goats on the continents of Asia and Africa. The impacts of unmanaged grazing animals have been substantial through the course of human history. The modern principles for proper management of grazing lands developed during this century in response to destructive impacts of unmanaged grazing throughout the world.}, url = {/files/bibliography/02-107.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @conference {50876, title = {Applications of scaling approaches to restoring ecosystems}, booktitle = {87th Annual Meeting, Ecological Society of America}, year = {2002}, month = {August 4, 2002}, pages = {24}, address = {Tucson, AZ}, abstract = {Landscape remediation will require extensive practices applied at small spatial scales and improved understanding of landscape dynamics that will trigger large-scale processes. Anthropogenic disturbances that result in degradation of ecosystems often are initiated at relatively small scales. These disturbances can disrupt small-scale processes and cascade to affect processes at larger spatial scales. Eventually, degradation is expressed at landscape, regional or larger scales and any reasonable prospects for effective remediation are poor. We use the response to livestock overgrazing arid rangelands in the southwest USA as an example of these multiscale phenomena. Initial (late 19th century) overgrazing impacts occurred over relatively small spatial extents and affected only small-scale vegetation processes. Eventually, the impacts of these disturbances accumulated to result in landscape-scale degradation that affected larger scale processes, such as plant dispersal, fire regimes, and productivity. In addition, changes in regional climatic patterns, continued livestock grazing, and introduction of non-native species complicated remediation efforts. Areas where degradation has been successful are generally small in extent and are the result of resilient soil/vegetation systems or responses to costly practices. As yet, we have not observed the reversal of degradation at large scales due to cascading effects of remediation practices implemented at small scales.}, author = {Kris Havstad and Joel R. Brown} } @inbook {50877, title = {Productivity and Desertification}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Soil Science}, year = {2002}, month = {August 13, 2002}, pages = {340-342}, publisher = {Marcel Dekker, Inc.}, organization = {Marcel Dekker, Inc.}, abstract = {Rangeland degradation frequently occurs in desert environments throughout the world. Although productivity in desert rangelands is 1 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than in forest ecosystems, desert rangelands cannot be viewed as either simple or unproductive systems. Productivity is strongly coupled to precipitation, but nutrients and their availability strongly regulate both primary and secondary production. Degradation of desert grasslands is often characterized by replacement of perennial herbaceous species by long-lived woody shrubs and by an associated reduction in the capacity of the ecosystem to perform some functions. These reductions may be irreversible on human time scales. Numerous causes have been proposed for this grassland-to-shrubland transition including overgrazing, exclusion of fire, dispersal of seeds of woody species by herbivores and a combination of natural and anthropogenic stressors. It is not likely that the historical effects of any one factor can be clearly and singularly associated with desert grassland degradation. We can not necessarily differentiate between cases in which certain stressor(s) are directly responsible for changes and cases in which they simply facilitate the transition from a community that evolved under a previous climatic regime to one that is better adapted to current conditions. It is now understood that these changes can be long-lived, non-linear and resistant to remediation. The dynamics of desert rangeland degradation have been conceptualized for the Chihuahuan Desert of North America. Allogenic forces contributed to reductions in herbaceous cover and to increased dispersal of seeds of competitive woody species. Autogenic forces then reinforced spatial redistribution patches.}, url = {/files/bibliography/02-098.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @conference {50879, title = {Remediating degraded ecosystems: Complications of scale}, booktitle = {17th Annual Symposium, US-International Association for Landscape Ecology}, year = {2002}, month = {April 23-26, 200}, pages = {89}, address = {Lincoln, NE}, abstract = {Anthropogenic disturbances that result in degradation of ecosystems often are initiated at relatively small scales. These disturbances can disrupt small-scale processes and cascade to affect processes at larger spatial scales. Eventually, degradation is expressed at landscape, regional or larger scales and any reasonable prospects for effective remediation are poor. An example of these phenomena is the scaled response to livestock overgrazing of and rangelands in the Southwest USA. Initial (late 19th century) overgrazing impacts were at relatively small spatial scales around points of livestock and affected only smaller scale plant community processes. Eventually, the impacts of these disturbances expanded and resulted in larger-scale degradation. By the beginning of the 20th century, the extent was regional as overgrazing, compounded by periodic drought, affected larger-scale processes such as plant dispersal, fire regimes and annual productivity. In addition, changes in regional climatic patterns, continued livestock grazing and introduction of nonnative forage species complicated remediation efforts. Areas where degradation has been remedied are generally small in scale and are the result of resilient soil/vegetation systems or responses to costly practices. As yet, we have not observed the reversal of degradation at large scales due to cascading effects of remediation practices implemented at small scales. Landscape remediation will require either extensive small-scale practice application and/or improved understanding of landscape dynamics that will trigger large-scale processes.}, author = {Kris Havstad and Joel R. Brown} } @proceedings {50998, title = {Development and transfer of monitoring and assessment technologies for North American rangelands}, year = {2001}, month = {November 6-7, 20}, pages = {1-4}, address = {Weslaco, TX}, abstract = {The USDA/ARS action plan for the National Program in Rangeland, Pasture, and Forages contains five research components. The first component of this action plan, developed in 1999-2000, is entitled "Ecosystems and their Sustainable Management." One of the main problem areas within this research component is "Monitoring and Assessment Technologies" with the following three goals: (1) Develop and calibrate monitoring systems that reflect basic ecosystem functions and are rapid, quantitative, repeatable, and applicable at a variety of spatial scales. Systems should be designed to function in diverse ecosystems, integrate new tools as they become available, and permit users to select from a range of indicators depending on their objectives, the particular ecosystem, and available resources. (2) Develop new tools to monitor and assess rangelands and pastures at large scales and others to scale up data collected at individual points in the landscape and to interpret data in the context of processes occurring across large areas. (3) Develop additional tools that more precisely reflect specific ecosystem functions and that can be used to distinguish fluctuations in ecosystem processes from directional trends in these processes.}, keywords = {assessment, monitoring, North American rangelands, sustainable management, technologies}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {51079, title = {Jornada Experimental Range: A unique arid land location for experiments to validate satellite systems}, journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment}, volume = {74}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, month = {October 1, 2000}, pages = {13-25}, abstract = {

The Jornada Experimental Range (Jornada) in southern New Mexico provides a unique opportunity to use remote sensing techniques to study arid rangeland and responses of vegetation to changing hydrologic fluxes and atmospheric driving forces. Research at the Jornada has been continuous since 1912 by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service and USDA Agricultural Research Service and has been a National Science Foundation Long-Term Ecological Research site since 1981. These long-term investigations have provided ground data on vegetation characteristics, ecosystem dynamics, and vegetation response to changing physical and biological conditions. To complement the programs of ground measurements, a campaign called JORNEX (JORNada EXperiment) began in 1995 to collect remotely sensed data from aircraft and satellite platforms to provide spatial and temporal data on physical and biological states of the Jornada rangeland. A wide range of ground, aircraft and satellite data have been collected on the physical, vegetative, thermal and radiometric properties of three ecosystems (grass, grass/shrub transition and shrub) typical of the Jornada rangeland and of Southwestern U.S. deserts. Spatial surface energy balance estimates were made from a combination of parameters and state variables estimated from aircraft and ground data. Landscape surface roughness was evaluated with the laser altimetry data and used to estimate aerodynamic roughness. Data from different platforms allowed the evaluation of the landscape at different scales. These measurements are being used to quantify hydrologic budgets and plant responses to change in components in the water and energy balance at the Jornada.

}, keywords = {aircraft and ground data, Jornada Experimental Range, JORNEX, remote sensing, satellite data}, doi = {10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00118-8}, url = {/files/bibliography/00-017.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and William P. Kustas and A. Rango and Jerry Ritchie and T. J. Schmugge} } @proceedings {51078, title = {Protected areas management and research: Complement or conflict?}, year = {2000}, month = {January 23-25, 2}, pages = {1-9}, address = {Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates}, abstract = {

Land areas designated as research sites and those designated as protected areas can share similar potential problems and basic needs. Both types of land uses require varying levels of management. In neither case can management be viewed as a passive activity. Though protected areas may not require large spatial scale manipulations or intensive inputs characteristic of research sites, these areas can not be managed simply as "islands" within surrounding landscapes of differing land uses. For example, protected areas can be impacted by numerous disturbances that originate off-site. In this sense, management of protected areas requires knowledge and technologies applicable to its local environment. In addition, management of protected areas requires technically skilled science-based personnel. A research program embedded within a protected area can synergistically service the knowledge and personnel needs required for land management. More importantly, an active research program can provide relevant information to users of land surrounding protected areas. Technology transfer activities resulting from on-site research can improve community-based support for protected areas and improve adoption of conservation practices.

}, keywords = {conservation practices, protected areas management, research sites, technology transfer}, url = {/files/bibliography/726.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @inbook {51153, title = {Desert rangelands, degradation and nutrients}, booktitle = {Rangeland Desertification}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {77-87}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Press}, organization = {Kluwer Academic Press}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

It is well recognized that rangeland environments, especially degraded environments, are relatively infertile. Though arid lands are moisture limited, it is often stated that they are nutrient regulated. A discussion of rangeland soil nutrients relative to landscape degradation should include: (1) dynamics of nutrient distributions; (2) soil properties affecting nutrient fluxes; (3) indicators of soil quality; and 4) nutrient based strategies for remediation. Nutrient distribution is strongly influenced by vegetation structure, and spatial nutrient patterns are closely linked to aspects of primary productivity and species composition. Effects of vegetation on nutrient spatial patterns can persist for decades, even if vegetation is altered by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. Though abiotic processes strongly shape physical features of arid landscapes, biotic activities directly affect soil nutrients. Unfortunately, assessment and monitoring technologies based on soil properties which quantify integrity of nutrient related processes have not been fully developed. Approaches for remediating degraded conditions need to exploit nutrient spatial and temporal heterogeneities. Remediation should be targeted to the most fertile sites, even if these are only relatively small parts of the overall landscape. Understanding nutrient dynamics is a key to triggering autogenic remediation of degraded rangelands.

}, keywords = {desert grassland, desertification, nitrogen, nutrient dynamics, phosphorus}, doi = {10.1007/978-94-015-9602-2_7}, url = {/files/bibliography/661.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and Jeffrey E. Herrick and W. H. Schlesinger}, editor = {Arnalds, O. and Steven R. Archer} } @article {51154, title = {Improving sustainability of arid rangelands}, journal = {New Mexico Journal of Science}, volume = {39}, year = {1999}, month = {November 1, 1999}, pages = {174-197}, abstract = {Deserts are climatically defined and arid regions within deserts are usually identified using a combination of average precipitation, evaporation, and temperature features. More generally though, arid regions are defined as areas receiving less than 250 mm of annual precipitation on a long-term average. In New Mexico, 10\% of the state is classified as arid, ,but this region supports 77\% of its population and nearly 30\% of its agricultural lands. However, the arid zone is classified primarily as rangeland. Improving the sustainability of these arid rangelands will require employing technologies that exploit or augment natural processes and that are effective at relatively small, affordable spatial scales. Many of these technologies have been identified but the need exists to revise their application to comply with these two requirements. Implementing adaptive management within this arid zone will require flexibility, active collaborations among users, stewards and public interests, and increased efforts in monitoring effects of management on ecological conditions of arid lands.}, url = {/files/bibliography/560.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {51156, title = {Long-term influences of shrub removal and lagomorph exclusion on Chihuahuan Desert vegetation dynamics}, journal = {Journal of Arid Environments}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, month = {July 1, 1999}, pages = {155-166}, abstract = {

Cover of perennial species in long-term experimental plots in a creosotebush (Larrea tridentata Sess. \& Moc. Ex DC.) dominated community in the Chihuahuan Desert was monitored for 56 years. Sixteen 21{\textperiodcentered}3{\texttimes}21{\textperiodcentered}3 m plots were established in 1938{\textendash}39 to evaluate the effects of lagomorph exclusion and shrub removal. Major dominant shrubs were individually severed at ground level and removed by hand in 1939, and this process was repeated after measuring plant cover in 1947, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1989, and 1995. Lagomorphs were excluded with poultry wire fencing. Shrub removal increased (p<=0{\textperiodcentered}05) the basal cover of two major desert grass species, black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda Torr.) and spike dropseed (Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitch.) between 1939 and 1995, but differences were not evident until 50 years after initial treatment. Temporal effects of lagomorph exclusion were less pronounced than shrub removal. Clearly, shrub dominance has an extremely important and lasting role in determining vegetation community structure in this arid environment, even when above-ground shrub structures are periodically removed.

}, keywords = {black grama, Bouteloua eriopoda, creosotebush, desert ecology, Larrea tridentata}, doi = {10.1006/jare.1999.0516}, url = {/files/bibliography/660.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and Gibbens, Robert P. and Knorr, C.A. and L. W. Murray} } @proceedings {51155, title = {People and rangeland biodiversity - North America}, volume = {2}, year = {1999}, month = {July 17-23, 1999}, pages = {634-638}, address = {Townsville, Australia}, abstract = {

Biological diversity refers to life at all levels of organization, from genes within populations to the global arrays of species (Wilson 1992). It is often assumed, though, that any discussion of biodiversity is focused at the species level. However, this discussion is still highly complex given that we know only a small percentage of the total microbial, plant, and animal species. Though estimates of microbial, plant, and animal species are as imprecise as between 5 and 50 million (Tilman 1999), there are many arguments for conserving biodiversity. For rangeland management, the concept of biological diversity is typically focused on plant species richness, evenness, and heterogeneity at community-level spatial scales (West 1993). Species diversity is clearly a major determinant of many ecological processes, especially those related to resilience and resistance (Tilman 1998). Given that over 75\% of the earth{\textquoteright}s ecosystems are manipulated for human purposes (Moguel \& Toledo 1999), maintaining abilities of these systems to buffer (resistence) and recover from disturbances (resilience) is key to conserving inherent ecological functions (Peterson et al. 1998). For example, one consequence of species loss is a limit to the potential ways an ecosystem can reorganize following disturbance, an important component of ecosystem resilience (Peterson et al. 1998). It is well recognized that we are currently in the midst of the sixth major period of extinction on earth and that this current extinction period is biologically driven (Chapin et al. 1998). The potential for significant impacts on ecosystem functions due to losses of biodiversity is large and immediate.

}, url = {/files/bibliography/659.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and Debra C. Peters} } @conference {51221, title = {Desert vegetation responses to natural and anthropomorphic stressors}, booktitle = {Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {No. 7}, abstract = {

Disturbances in desert ecosystems can be either chronic or acute in effect, and natural or anthopomorphic in origin. We hypothesize that that severity of effects of an acute disturbance is shaped by ecosystem structure. We designed a long-term study to test this hypothesis. Within a grassland/shrubland ecotone we have applied livestock grazing (a 24 h defoliation of standing crop within a 365 d period) during either winter dormancy or summer growth periods. These grazing treatments are applied in either mesquite present or mesquite removed 0.5 ha inclosures. We expect that vegetation dynamics of the mesquite present treatment will demonstrate a threshold of mesquite at approximated 8\% canopy cover that will result in persistent shrub dominated community irrespective of season of defoliation.

}, author = {Kris Havstad and Walter G. Whitford and Gibbens, Robert P. and J.M. Lenz and Justin Van Zee and A.G. de Soyza} } @article {51339, title = {Legacy of Charles Travis Turney: The Jornada Experimental Range}, journal = {Archeological Society of New Mexico Annual Volumes}, volume = {22}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {77-92}, abstract = {The Jornada Experimental Range (JER) in south-central New Mexico has served as a field research laboratory since its establishment in 1912. The varied scientific activities on the range throughout this century have led to important discoveries about desert ecosystems that have been the basis for principles of land management that have application around the globe. This region is probably the most extensively studied desert on earth, and on-site research activities continue to flourish as we approach the next millennium. From microscopic-scale studies of soil microorganisms to synoptic-scale assessments of vegetation patterns detected from satellite-based sensors, JER is addressing a multitude of research needs relevant to natural resource management issues. One phenomenon that we have continually observed in our studies over the years is that small events can have cascading effects on ecosystem structures and functions. A period of drought, an innocuous ntroduction of an alien species, unmanaged grazing, or dispersal of seed into a new area are examples of events that can have far-reaching effects in subsequent decades. Like these biological events, the inception of JER was based on a relatively small event that has then cascaded into the legacy of scientific discovery that is the Jornada range today. In 1904, Harvey Ringer, a man not particularly interested in the cattle businsess, sold 16 ha of land in the south-central portion of the 3,000 km2 Jornada Plain to a man from Texas, Mr. C. T. Turney.}, url = {/files/bibliography/484.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @proceedings {51336, title = {Linking rangeland science to western rangeland issues}, year = {1996}, month = {March 11-14, 199}, pages = {Abstract 10}, address = {Albuquerque, NM}, url = {/files/bibliography/485.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @proceedings {51335, title = {An overview of arid grasslands in the northern Chihuahuan Desert}, year = {1996}, month = {October 9-13, 19}, pages = {11-20}, publisher = {USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station}, address = {Tucson, AZ}, abstract = {

The intent of this paper is to outline information on four topics regarding grasslands of the Chihuahuan desert: 1) general aspects of their ecological dimensions, 2) recent vegetation dynamics, 3) current threats, and 4) common ground with other desert grasslands. The Chihuahuan desert is a region of about 350,000 square kilometers. There are at least fifteen different definitions of the boundaries of this desert. Figure 1 is from Schmidt (1979) and its boundaries are based on an aridity index. Generally, this index reflects an area of \<250 mm of average annual precipitation, an average mean annual temperature of 17 C, and an elevation of \> 1200 m. This paper will focus on the northern region of the Chihuahuan desert, an area called the Trans-Pecos which extends from Southeast Arizona across New Mexico into Texas. A small portion of the Trans-Pecos occurs in west Texas on the upper Pecos River below the Guadalupe Mountains. The western border of the Chihuahuan Desert in Arizona is defined by the amount of precipitation occurring during the summer monsoonal months. East of this line in the Sonoran desert \>55\% of the annual precipitation occurs during the summer. West of this line in the Chihuahuan desert \<55\% of the annual precipitation occurs during the summer months.

}, url = {/files/bibliography/617.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @proceedings {51340, title = {Rangeland improvement}, year = {1996}, month = {March 28-29, 199}, keywords = {cattle growers, livestock research briefs, short course}, author = {Kris Havstad and D.M. Anderson and J.R. Barrow and Richard E. Estell and E.L. Fredrickson and Jeffrey E. Herrick and Walter G. Whitford} } @proceedings {51337, title = {Reflections on a century of rangeland research in the Jornada Basin of New Mexico}, volume = {Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-338}, year = {1996}, month = {May 23-25, 1995}, pages = {10-15}, publisher = {USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-338}, address = {Las Cruces, NM}, abstract = {

A historical analysis can generally take one of three formats: 1)narrative, 2)context, or 3)analog. As narrative, the analysis is limited to a description detailing events. As context, historical analysis explains the present state based on interpretations of its varied history. As analog, the analysis attempts to support predictions regarding future conditions. The narrative format is the safest in that it typically involves the least interpretation and assumption, especially if the historical record is well documented. The context format can be the most enlightening. The analog, though, is the most useful, and the most precarious, and shares the central premise of scientific experimentation, the desire to make predictions about the future. The Jornada Experimental Range{\textquoteright}s history overlaps that of the discipline of rangeland management. Reviewing the history of the range should not be a parochial exercise, but should have a wider generic application to the history of the discipline. The history of research at Jornada has six often overlapping and evolving themes: classic range management, animal husbandry, ecology, range improvement, interdisciplinary sciences, and ecosystem science.

}, url = {/files/bibliography/488.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and W. H. Schlesinger}, editor = {J.R. Barrow and McArthur, E. Durant and R. E. Sosebee and R. J. Tausch} } @proceedings {51338, title = {Research in the Jornada Basin of southern New Mexico: A field tour}, volume = {General Technical Report INT-GTR-338}, year = {1996}, month = {May 23-25, 1995}, pages = {269-275}, publisher = {USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-338}, address = {Las Cruces, NM}, abstract = {

During the Ninth Wildland Shrub Symposium in Las Cruces, New Mexico, May 22-24,1995, a field trip took participants to the southern end of the Jornada del Muerto Basin, an area of intensive research in desert ecology and rangeland management throughout the 20th century. The tour highlighted some of the historical studies in grazing management as well as current interdisciplinary research projects involving dozens of scientists from many institutions. Cooperating institutions and agencies include the USDA Agricultural Research Service, New Mexico State Uni- versity, the National Science Foundation and the Environmental Protection Agency.

}, url = {/files/bibliography/487.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and Reldon F. Beck}, editor = {J.R. Barrow and McArthur, E. Durant and R. E. Sosebee and R. J. Tausch} } @proceedings {51394, title = {Rangeland research in the Chihuahuan Desert}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, abstract = {

Three major classes of symbiotic fungi were identified in the roots of native grasses and shrubs on arid rangelands of the southwestern U.S. The first class is vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae, common to most higher plants. These fungi enhance nutrient and water uptake in plants. The second major class of symbiotic fungi are common soil or saprobic fungi. Because of their association with the host plant their capacity is enhanced to access nutrients from immobile inorganic and complex organic resources and supply them to the plant. One demonstrated benefit of a saprophytic seed-borne fungus, Alternaria alternata, was that it decomposed the seed capsule at germination and transferred nutrients to the germinating seedling, improving chances for survival and establishment. {\textquoteright}These fungi likely play a role in the management of carbon resources in the ecosystem. Third major class of fungi regularly associated with grass and shrub roots were Chytridiomycetes, a primitive aquatic fungus. These fungi appear to regulate the colonization by the other two fungal classes. These fungi, acting in concert with each other, enhance nutrient and water uptake of native plants. They directly affect survival ability and competitiveness of all plant species in arid rangelands. We are researching these fungi because we think that new technologies for rangeland revegetation of degraded areas will require the presence of these fungal classes for successful reestablishment and survival of native plant species.

}, keywords = {cattle growers{\textquoteright} short course, Chihuahuan Desert, rangeland, research}, url = {/files/bibliography/446.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and D.M. Anderson and J.R. Barrow and Richard E. Estell and E.L. Fredrickson and Gibbens, Robert P. and Jeffrey E. Herrick and Walter G. Whitford} } @proceedings {51395, title = {Reflections from nearly a century of rangeland research in the Jornada Basin}, year = {1995}, month = {May 23-25, 1995}, pages = {2}, abstract = {The 80-year record of rangeland research at the Jornada Experimental Range (JER) is representative of the history of the rangeland science discipline. The initial impetus from research was the rapid and obvious degradation of rangeland resources from misuse and drought from the late 1800{\textquoteright}s to the early part of the twentieth century. Original researchers designed pasture-scale studies to develop guidelines for seasonal stocking rates and methodologies for distributing grazing use. By the 1940{\textquoteright}s, observations on vegetation dynamics, particularly the encroachment of woody species, drove development of research efforts in range improvement techniques. By the 1970{\textquoteright}s, with rangeland management compromised by an increasingly regulated environment and a broadening of resource interests, the appropriateness of research on grazing management and forage improvement technologies was diminished. For the past 20 years rangeland research has been redirected to include more fundamental ecological investigations. The utility of the research had been questioned by various clientele. It is important that we translate this knowledge into usable technologies for monitoring existing conditions, remediation of degraded conditions,and adapting to new management conditions.}, keywords = {drought, Jornada Basin, misuse, rangeland research}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {51448, title = {Animal unit equivalents: An examination of the sheep to cattle ratio for stocking rangelands}, year = {1994}, month = {February 1994}, pages = {14 }, abstract = {

Efforts to properly manage forage resources on our nation{\textquoteright}s rangelands led to development of the ideas: "carrying capacity" and "stocking rate." Carrying capacity refers to how many and how long livestock can be placed on an area of land without damaging the ecosystem. Stocking rate is the density of livestock (animalsIacre) for a given unit of time, and is generally determined by management objectives and estimates of carrying capacity. Because several species and types of grazing animals are used by livestock producers, attempts have been made to develop a standardized animal unit so that differences in forage demand across animal physiological classes and among species could be expressed on a common basis. A mature nonlactating 1100 lb beef cow is an animal unit. Ratios of other species and classes compared with an animal unit are called animal unit equivalents (AUE{\textquoteright}s). Animal units are currently used as a basis for grazing fee assessments on private and public lands, and for economic assessments such as appraised value of a ranch or its loan value. Due to the possibility of increasing costs charged by Federal and State agencies for an animal unit, there is a need to examine animal unit equivalents for accuracy so parity can be ensured. This paper will examine the development of AUE{\textquoteright}s for sheep and suggest a change to the current system.

}, url = {/files/bibliography/426.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and E.L. Fredrickson and Richard E. Estell} } @conference {51446, title = {Management for rehabilitation of degraded arid ecosystems}, booktitle = {The Wildlife Society Meeting}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {Abstract 40}, abstract = {Management strategies for rangelands based on components of succession theory are too simplistic and ineffective. We are now developing more dynamic interpretations of rangelands that incorporate components of lag effects and threshold, importance of episodic events, and multiple stable states and trajectories of vegetation change. These models defy traditional approaches to management, especially regarding improvement of specific resource components. Coupled with increased regulatory restrictions and volatile economics, these new theories force us to revise both our approaches to management and our expectations for the resource. Often we must now admit that restoration, in its narrowest sense the complete return of a site to a pre-existing state, is not a feasible alternative. Our vegetative goals are more appropriately toward rehabilitation, defined as the repair of blocked or damaged ecosystem functions. In the Southwest, desert grasslands have shifted to shrub dominance due to one or more allogenic factors. However, shrub persistence in this region derives from autogenic factors. Our options for rehabilitating stable, shrub-dominated vegetative states are seriously limited, both ecologically and economically. Management efforts need to be directed toward areas that are either in transition or at critical thresholds. In these areas our management practices need to be minimal and silected for their ability to generate cascading effects post-treatment. We have these general tools, but they need to be linked with an ability to detect thresholds, and recognition (and agreement) of functions that need to be repaired.}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {51447, title = {Sheep grazing as a range improvement tool}, journal = {Sheep Research Journal}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {72-78}, abstract = {Grazing is an integral and natural process on rangelands. Long term studies have concluded that grazing can be managed to manipulate the vegetative composition of rangelands. There are tow principle criteria that must be implemnted to achieve improvement. First, grazing must be managed by established goals and realistic specific objectives. Without achievable goals and clearly stated objectives grazing would be unmanaged and extensive experiences have illustrated thta unmanaged grazing by domestic and wild herbivores can result in catastrophe. Basic principles for establishing these golas and objectives are well documented. Second, improvement should be defined as attaining desired objectives for the rangeland resource. In some instances, improvement will wquate with increased forage available for grazing livestock. In other instances, improvement will be based on non livestock forage criteria. In all cases the resource will be benefitted and livestock will maintain an intergral role in the renewable use and sustained management of rangelands.}, url = {/files/bibliography/425.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @proceedings {51487, title = {Managing New Mexico rangelands for sustained use through the 21st century}, volume = {2}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {855-864}, abstract = {New Mexico is rangeland state. Typically viewed as desert or wasteland, it is more accurate to describe the state as primarily a type of land that grows a wide variety of native shrubs and herbaceous vegetation. New Mexico is characterized by climatic and physical limitations (such as peiodic drought and low soil fertility). and has had an extensive history of grazing use by native herbivores. These rangelands generally deteriorated during the latter part of the 19th century. Users of these natural resources frequently misjudged or failed to recognize resource limitiations, which are more severe than for rangelands of the midwest or pastures of the southern and eastern U. S. Resource conditions have improved during the 20th century, but debates over conflicting uses of New Mexico ranelands have grown contentious. At the center of this conflict is the traditional use of rangeland for production of livestock, an annual one billion dollar industry within the state. Yet, livestock grazing is frequently perceived as a nonsustainable use. For example, a common perception is that improved resource conditions have typically been achieved by repeated uses of herb-icides to control unwanted shurbs that are a result of overgrazing. This view has som validity. However, natural resource conser-vation requires active management. Our environment is changing due to both natural causes and human-induced impacts. We have to be involved in resource management bother to mitigate our impacts and sustain renewable resources. Other than federal and state government agencies, the primary managers of New Mexico{\textquoteright}s natural rangeland resources are the graziers. Unless the New Mexico populace is willing to substanitally increase government involve-ment in land stweardship, an involement which would primarily be fundedat the state level, the livestock idunstry must continue to be looked to for management not only of forage for domestic animals, but wildlife habitats, waterhseds and various other natural resources. Principles of livestock management exist, and when applied these principles can guide sustained productions form rangelands and conservations of renewable resources. The public should (1) direct development of appropriate incentives that reward progressive management, and (2) establish common resource objectives for the good of the entire state in partnership with the livestock industry. Through partnership with agriculturalists New Mexico can lead the West in attaining and practicing multiple use of its principle natural resources, its rangelands.}, url = {/files/bibliography/406.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and Fowler, J.M.} } @proceedings {51486, title = {Technologies for sustainable development of Chihuahuan Desert rangelands}, volume = {12}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, abstract = {Options for management of Chihuahua Desert rangelands have been recently viewed as limited. Many technologies that had typically been seen as viable components of management have become expensive, inefficient, or inappropriate. Yet, the need for management of these desert rangelands is increasingly urgent. It is evident that simply withdrawing lands from use will not generally lead to improvements in resource values or restoration of prior condition. Human interventions are required, but the nature of those interventions must be based on knowledge of the ecological integrity of these lands. We view the northern Chihuahuan Desert as a complex and chaotic system. Management tools must be viewed as triggers for change within this complexity rather than obtrusive instruments for large scale alterations to the landscape. One trigger mechanism is domestic livestock. Planned manipulations of livestock grazing behaviors may achieve desirable changes in vegetation structure. Another trigger is selective reintroduction of germplasm. Seed dispersal technologies which rely on natural elements, such as animal, wind, and water, may slowly affect bioremediation with minimal impacts to other resources and with minimal expense. Development of these look requires detailed process level knowledge of the desert ecosystem. We are beginning to achieve this understanding through interdisciplinary and interinstitution research. However, we need to further expand these collaborations, especially internationally, to best develop livestock and revegetation tools that will be applicable for sustainable development throughout the Chihuahuan Desert.}, keywords = {Chihuahuan Desert, rangelands, sustainable development}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @conference {51527, title = {Perceptions from review of 80 years of range research in the Chihuahuan Desert}, booktitle = {Annual Meeting, Society for Range Management}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {No. 086}, abstract = {Rangeland research has been conducted in the northern Chihuahuan Desert of southern New Mexico for the past 80 years. Early scientists with the well recognized names of Jardine, Forsling, and Chapline, were followed by Campbell, Canfield, and Parker and, more recently, by Paulsen and Herbel. Their research efforts were impressive and productivity was substantial. Four observations from a review of their published record are: (1) Basic tenets of management were established in the early 1920s while later research simply refined and/or slightly expanded these tenets. (2) Range improvement has been a constant thrust, but many tools resulting from this research are not currently applicable. (3) Current management concerns remain poorly assessed, especially as related to applicable data on grazing capacity and vegetation dynamics. (4) And, recent research efforts are more diverse, basic, descriptive and less directly applicable to management needs. It could be concluded that range science has failed to illuminate principles applicable to today{\textquoteright}s management issues in the Southwest. This general viewpoint and the viewpoint that range science and range management are separate but complementary endeavors have been recently expressed (Provenza, F.D., 1991, JRM 44:281-183). However, review of literature (especially from biological sciences) presents numerous basic principles with application to rangelands. The present deficit is lack of application of these principles by range researchers to the development of tools and new uses of current tools suitable for management goals given the reality of present day constraints. A recent survey of future range research topics indicates ecology and improvements as top priorities with a scattering of other interests (Hardesty, L.H., 1991, JRM 44:289-294). To effectively use the next 80 years of research we must continually identify current management needs, utilize applicable principles identified from all scientific fields, and emphasize development of usable tools.}, keywords = {application of principles, Chihuahuan Desert, management issues, perceptions, range research}, author = {Kris Havstad} } @article {51568, title = {Sample size determinations for studying selected cattle foraging behaviors}, journal = {Applied Animal Behavior Science}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, note = {Reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Copyright {\textcopyright} 1991. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01681591)}, month = {1991}, pages = {17-26}, abstract = {

Experimentation on livestock foraging behaviors under free-ranging conditions is frequently constrained by few experimental units (animals). Effective research designs require knowledge of expected sampling variability, but this information relative to range foraging behaviors is lacking. Sixteen 5-year-old range beef cows were used to estimate daily grazing time (DGT) and fecal output (percentage of body weight, FOBW) for 46 consecutive days during a winter grazing season. Estimates of components of variability associated with cows, days, and theoretical treatment effects were constructed from these data. Implied sample size requirements for a half-confidence-width =10\% of the mean and a Type 1 significance level of 0.05 were 7 and 9 cows for DGT and FOBW, respectively, with day as a fixed effect. For day as a random effect, implied sample sizes were 5 days and 5 animals for DGT, and 5 days and 9 animals for FOBW. Variability among animals was greater when estimating FOBW than for DGT estimates. Detecting differences between two treatments sampled over 5 days with Type 1 and Type 2 probabilities of 0.05 and 0.10, respectively, implied sample sizes of five and \> 20 cows for DGT and FOBW estimates, respectively. In general, these data indicated that \<5 animals was insufficient and \> 20 was excessive. These sample size estimates were obtained from a relatively uniform set of animals grazing a uniform quality and quantity of forage. Estimates of N would have been greater under more variable experimental conditions. Given constraints of statistics and the logistics of range nutrition experimentation, unless sample size requirements can be satisfied it may not be appropriate to examine certain questions with current experimental methodologies.

}, doi = {10.1016/0168-1591(91)90081-8}, url = {/files/bibliography/369.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and K. M. Olson-Rutz} } @article {51662, title = {Growth patterns of range beef calves over discrete preweaning intervals}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {69}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {865-869}, abstract = {

Suckling range beef calf production demonstrates periodicity despite consistency of management. Performance of calves within 33- to 50-d intervals from birth to weaning over nine seasons demonstrated maximum interval growth of approximately 1 kg d-1, but average seasonal growth rates varied from 0.79 to 0.99 kg d-1.Maximizing available forages for the final 33 d preweaning could minimize seasonal variations in calf production.

}, keywords = {Calf production, live weight gain, rangelands}, doi = {10.4141/cjas89-099}, url = {/files/bibliography/701.pdf}, author = {Kris Havstad and McInerney, M.J. and Church, S.B.} }