@book {51409,
	title = {Temporal and spatial variability as neglected ecosystem properties: Lessons learned from 12 North American ecosystems},
	series = {Evaluating and Monitoring the Health of Large-scale Ecosystems},
	year = {1995},
	note = {//NMSU//LTER III//ProCite field[6]: In},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {359-383},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {NY},
	abstract = {<p>Evaluating and monitoring the {\textquotedblleft}health{\textquotedblright} of large-scale systems will require new and innovative approaches. One such approach is to look for ecological signals in the structure of ecological variability observed in space and time. Such variability is sometimes considered something to minimize by clever sampling design, but may in itself contain interesting ecological information (Kratz et al. 1991). In fact, much of ecology can be considered an attempt to understand the patterns of spatial and temporal variability that occur in nature and the processes that lead to these patterns. Despite widespread interest in patterns of variation there have been relatively few attempts to describe comprehensively the temporal and spatial variation exhibited by ecological parameters. As a result, we have no general laws that allow us to predict die relative magnitude of temporal and spatial variability of different types of parameters across the full diversity of ecological systems. Even within single ecosystems, understanding of the interplay between temporal and spatial variability is lacking. For example, Lewis (1978) noted that despite a large literature, the relation between temporal and spatial variability in plankton distribution within a lake is not well understood. Matthews (1990) makes a similar point regarding fish communities in streams.</p>
},
	keywords = {book, books, chapter, chapters, ecosystem health, report, reports},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-79464-3_23 },
	url = {files/bibliography/JRN00198_0.pdf},
	author = {T. K. Kratz and J. J. Magnuson and Bayley, P. and Benson, B. J. and Berish, C. W. and Bledsoe, C. S. and Blood, E. R. and Bowser, C. J. and S. R. Carpenter and Gary L. Cunningham and Dahlgren, R. A. and T. M. Frost and Halfpenny, J. C. and Hansen, J. D. and Heisey, D. and Inouye, R. S. and Dawn M. Kaufman and McKee, A. and Yarie, J.},
	editor = {D. J. Rapport and C. Gaudet and P. (eds.) Calow}
}
@article {51577,
	title = {The influence of landscape position on temporal variability in four North American ecosystems},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	volume = {138},
	year = {1991},
	note = {//??//LTER II//Listed in LTER3 proposal as citing LTER2 support//},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {341-348},
	abstract = {<p>The spatial setting of an ecosystem within a landscape influences many of the ecosystem{\textquoteright}s properties. Here, we ask whether there is a relation between the spatial positioning of different locations in a landscape and the annual variability exhibited at each location. We include data from four biome types represented in the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) network: northern Wisconsin lakes, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, the Jornada Desert, and the North Inlet estuary. At each LTER site, data on 26--68 ecological parameters have been collected at three to seven locations along an elevational gradient for at least 5 yr. We tested whether at each LTER site the annual variability exhibited by parameters at each location within the landscape was related to the location{\textquoteright}s relative elevation, that is, landscape position. Specific mechanisms relating spatial positioning to variability differed at the four LTER sites, but at each LTER site, (1) locations differed in the annual variability exhibited by ecological parameters, (2) for at least a subset of the parameters, this variability was related to the locations{\textquoteright} spatial positions, and (3) water movement across the landscape was the important underlying factor determining variability patterns. We conclude that landscape position influences the annual variability that ecosystems exhibit.</p>
},
	keywords = {article, articles, ecosystem, journal, journals, landscape position, temporal variability},
	doi = {10.1086/285222},
	url = {files/bibliography/JRN00143.pdf},
	author = {T. K. Kratz and Benson, B. J. and Blood, E. R. and Gary L. Cunningham and Dahlgren, R. A.}
}
