@article {51461, title = {Free-ranging cattle water consumption in south-central New Mexico}, journal = {Applied Animal Behavior Science}, volume = {39}, year = {1994}, note = {Reprinted with permission from Elsevier, {\textcopyright} 1994. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01681591}, month = {1994}, pages = {29-38}, abstract = {

Water-drinking behavior of 67 free-ranging protein supplemented and nonsupplemented beef cattle was examined between May 23 and 16 July 1986, in southcentral New Mexico. The lactating and nonlactating cows had a mean liveweight of 383 kg and were maintained as a single herd, and separated only during supplementation with an automated sorting and single animal electronic identification system. Mean daily water consumption was 57 1 day-1 ( 16 1 ( 100 kg liveweight)-1) at a rate of 20 1 min-1 under mean mid-range ambient air temperatures between 14 and 24{\textdegree}C. Water consumed by cows supplemented at 0.7 kg head-1 day-1 and 1.4 kg head-1 day-1 fed every 5.9 days and 3.5 days, respectively, was 14 1 (100 kg liveweight)-1 \ and 15 1 (100 kg liveweight)-1 (P=0.7238), respectively. In contrast, nonsupplemented cows consumed more (P<=0.0015) water (17 1 (100 kg liveweight)-1) than supplemented cows. Lactating cows consumed more water (P\<0.0001) than nonlactating cows ( 19 1 (100 kg liveweight)-1 and 12 1 (100 kg liveweight)-1, respectively). One drinking event every 24 h was sufficient to satisfy cows 94\% of the time. Neither supplement level nor lactation affected (P\>0.05) daily watering frequency. Water intake was negatively correlated to predrinking liveweight (r= -0.19; P\<0.01) and the current day{\textquoteright}s maximum ambient air temperature if greater than or equal to 30{\textdegree}C (r=-0.11; P\<0.02). Water intake was not correlated to temperatures <=30{\textdegree}C. Water consumption was positively correlated to relative humidities between 15 and 86\% (r=0.17; P\<0.01). Water consumption was not correlated (P\>0.05) with the mid-range or maximum ambient air temperatures of the current or previous day. Our findings indicate large feedings of protein reduced water consumption, probably as a consequence of lower forage intake. Lactation increased water requirements and liveweight was a poor predictor of water needs. Water consumption is affected by biotic and abiotic factors other than those we evaluated.

}, keywords = {cattle, Drinking behavior, feeding, grazing, nutrition}, doi = {10.1016/0168-1591(94)90013-2}, url = {/files/bibliography/432.pdf}, author = {R. R. Rouda and D.M. Anderson and Wallace, J.D. and L. W. Murray} } @article {51634, title = {Distance traveled by free-ranging supplemented and nonsupplemented lactating and nonlactating cows}, journal = {Applied Animal Behavior Science}, volume = {28}, year = {1990}, note = {Reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Copyright {\textcopyright} 1990. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01681591)}, month = {1990}, pages = {221-232}, abstract = {

Daily travel of protein supplemented and non-supplemented lactating and non-lactating mature (\>4 years of age) Santa Gertrudis X Hereford and Hereford X Santa Gertrudis crossbred cows was estimated between 29 May and 18 August 1986. The study was conducted on semidesert rangeland in south-central New Mexico. Ambient air temperatures ranged between 7 and 38{\textdegree}C. Relative humidity ranged between 15 and 91\%, with precipitation 49\% above the long-term January{\textendash}August mean of 147 mm. Four lactating and 4 non-lactating cows were fed an average of 1.4 kg per head day-1 of a 41\% crude protein cottonseed supplement every 3.5 days. Ten similar non-supplemented cows, 5 lactating and 5 non-lactating, were grazed with the supplemented animals in paddocks averaging \>2000 ha in size. To monitor travel, the 18 cows were each bi-pedometered with digital pedometers attached to their front legs.

}, doi = {10.1016/0168-1591(90)90101-I}, url = {/files/bibliography/358.pdf}, author = {R. R. Rouda and D.M. Anderson and L. W. Murray and J. N. Smith} } @mastersthesis {51743, title = {Effect of protein supplementation on performance, water intake and travel of beef cattle grazing semidesert rangeland in South-central New Mexico}, year = {1988}, note = {//NMSU//NONE//}, month = {1988}, pages = {136}, school = {New Mexico State University}, type = {Ph.D. Dissertationpp}, address = {Las Cruces, N.M.}, abstract = {Trials were conducted in 1986 to study the effect of supplementing cows with 41\% crude protein (CP) cottonseed pellets on their subsequent liveweight change, calf liveweight change, fecal botanical composition, daily water consumption and travel in cows grazing semidesert rangeland between 16 April and 18 August. Effects of physiological status (lactating vs. non-lactating) were also considered.}, keywords = {cattle grazing,behavior, cattle,behavior, cattle,protein supplementation, cattle,water intake, dissertation, dissertations, grazing management, theses, thesis}, author = {R. R. Rouda} }