@article {50625,
	title = {Effects of methods of exposure to Eastern red cedar foliage on cedar consumption by Boer crossbred wether goats},
	journal = {Small Ruminant Research},
	volume = {54},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	month = {September 1, 200},
	pages = {197-212},
	abstract = {Twenty-four crossbred Boer yearling wethers (23.5 {\textpm} 2.31 kg initial BW) were used to determine effects of stepwise increases in dietary level of Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) foliage (CF), compared with a constant relatively high level and subsequent availability of low-quality forage, on present and later consumption of CF.  Animals were penned individually in Phases 1 (8 wk) and 3 (2 wk), and during Phase 2 (6 wk) wethers were kept in a pasture not containing cedar trees and were fed wheat hay.  In Phase 1, a concentrate-based diet (CBD, 12.6\% CP and 35.5\% NDF) was offered at approximately 85\% of the maintenance energy requirement alone (Control) or with weekly stepwise (Step) increases in level of substitution of CF for CBD (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25\% in wk 1-8, respectively; DM basis) or substitution of 25\% CF in wk 2-8 (Set).  In Phase 3 (2 wk), all wethers were offered the diet of 75\% CBD and 25\% CF as previously, without or with separate free-choice access to low-quality grass hay.  CF was harvested weekly, refrigerated and hand-mixed with CBD prior to feeding.  In Phase 1, intake of CF as a percentage of that offered was greater (P < 0.05) for Step vs. Set in wk 3-8 (wk 3: 86 and 48; wk 4: 89 and 56; wk 5: 90 and 71; wk 6: 96 and 81; wk 7: 93 and 63; wk 8: 96 and 84), although CF intake as g/day was greater (P < 0.05) for Set vs. Step in all but wk 7 and 8.  In Phase 3, CBD intake was similar among treatments, and hay intake when offered averaged 149, 134 and 124 g/day for Step, Set and Control, respectively.  For wethers not receiving hay, CF intake as g/day for Step was greatest among treatments (P < 0.05) but was not different from treatments with offered hay (67, 37, 30, 55, 53 and 56 g/day for Step, Set and Control without and with hay, respectively; SE = 7.1).  Similarly, CF intake as a percentage of that offered ranked (P < 0.05) Step > Set > Control without hay, but was not different between Step without hay and treatments with hay (78, 41, 34, 61, 57 and 60\% for Step, Set and Control without and with hay, respectively; SE = 7.6). Concentrations of various blood constituents at the end of Phases 1 and 3 did not indicate adverse health effects of CF consumption.  In conclusion, gradual increases in dietary level of CF deserve further research as a potential means to elevate present and future CF consumption with attention also directed to effects of type and level of other feedstuffs offered.},
	keywords = {eastern red cedar, feed intake, goats, methods of exposure},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg\&_imagekey=B6TC5-4BG8V3T-3-K\&_cdi=5161\&_user=1496926\&_orig=browse\&_coverDate=09\%2F30\%2F2004\&_sk=999459996\&view=c\&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkWW\&md5=d6a246153066668c3324bf74bafee0be\&ie=/sdarticle.pdf},
	author = {Animut, G. and Goetsch, A.L. and Merkel, R.C. and Detweiler, G. and Dawson, L.J. and Puchala, R. and Sahlu, T. and Richard E. Estell}
}
