@proceedings {49917,
	title = {Using time-series intervention analysis to model cow heart rate affected by programmed audio and environmental/physiological cues},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Original journal Applied Animal Behavior (rejected) - change to Physiology \&amp; Behavior10/12/2007 resbumitted to Livestock Science},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {107-136},
	publisher = {Kansas State University},
	address = {Manhattan, Kansas},
	abstract = {<p>This research is the first attempt at using time -series analysis to describe changes in the heart rate (HR) of free-ranging cows receiving programmed audio cues from directional virtual fencing (DVF\&trade;) devices designed to control the animal\&$\#$39;s location on the landscape as well as non-programmed environmental/physiological cues. Polar Accurex\&reg; devices were used to capture HR every minute between March 19-24, 2003 when three mature free-ranging beef cows previously habituated to DVF\&trade; control were confined to a brush-infested area of an arid rangeland paddock. Global positioning system (GPS)electronics were used to locate each cow\&$\#$39;s location approximately every minute while it was in a 58 ha virtual paddock (VP\&trade;) and every second when it penetrated a virtual boundary (VB\&trade;). The cows never escaped through the VB\&trade; though they penetrated it a total of 26 times in 11 different events at which time they received programmed audio cues lasting from 1 to 56 s. These data reveal that HR spikes from programmed audio cues all fell within the textbook range for cow HR (40-186 beats per minute, bpm). For both audio and selected evironmental /physiological events, HR spikes returned to pre-cuing \&quot;baseline\&quot; values in about one minute. However, the longest return time to baseline lasted (about 4 minutes) and this was for an environmental/physiological event. HR, animal location, weather and other electronic data should be measured at equally-spaced time intervals using a single time stamp so as to accurately associate HR changes with possible causes.</p>
},
	keywords = {audio cue, direction virtual fencing, DVM, free-ranging beef cattle, heart rate, Polar hear rate monitors, time-series analysis},
	url = {/files/bibliography/10-045.pdf},
	author = {D.M. Anderson and N. Remenyi and L. W. Murray}
}
